DIT Onc Flashcards
How does brain use ketone bodies?
Makes them into acetyl coA and puts them into TCA cycle
What does cyclin D do?
Activates CDK4 which phosphorylates Rb protein
What does Rb do?
sits ontop of E2F so no transcription factor is blocked and transition from G1 to S phase
What cancer has DPC mutation?
tumor suppression: Deleted in Pancreatic cancer
What are Ras mutations?
GTPase (most common oncogene abnormality) that cause a MAP kinase pathway
What cancers are associated with K-Ras?
Kolon, panKreas (lung)
GTPase (most common oncogene abnormality)
H-Ras associations?
Hematuria. Kidney and bladde
GTPase (most common oncogene abnormality)
N-Ras associations?
Melanomas and heme malignancies
GTPase (most common oncogene abnormality)
What is a ret mutation causing?
What cancers associated?
tyrosine kinase is always turned on
MEN 2A and 2B (PPM and PMM)
C-myc is what? Assiociated with what?
transcription factor with bukitt (burCitt lymphoma) (EBV)
What are L-myc and n-myc associated with?
transcription factor for:
Lung tumor in Lmyc
N myc is neuroblastoma
What is a big risk cancer for pancreatic adenocarcinoma?
What does aflotoxin risk of?
Smoking is pancreas cancer (lots of other shit too including renal)
What cancers are at risk from ionizing radiation?
AML, CML, Thyroid
Which UV ray type is bad?
UVB for Bad (A is a maybe causes problems, not sure. C is blocked by Ozone)
Nucleotide excision repair cancer risk?
What is the process?
Xeroderma pigmentosum
Nuclease removes damaged bases and polymerase fills it in
MMR repair mutation risk?
HNPCC
Nonhomologous end joining mutation risk?
Ataxia talengectasia
Tuberous sclerosis risk for cancer?
giant cell astrocytoma, renal angiomyolipoma, cardiac rhabdomyoma
What causes squamous cell cancer of the bladder that is a microbe?
Schistosoma haematobium
What microbe causes chonalgiocarcionma?
chloorchis sinensis (liver fluke)
Naphthelen is what type of cancer risk?
transitional cell carcinoma of bladder
Tumor grade vs stage?
Which is usually more prognostic value?
Grade is degree of cellular differentiation and mitotic activity. 4 is anapestic
Stage is degree of spread. T is size, N is nodal involvement, M is metastasis
STAGE IS MORE PROGNOSTIC VALUE
What are findings expecting to see under scope for an anaplastic cell?
High nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
large nucleolus
clumping of chromatin
many mitotic figures
MAKES SENSE b/c often multiploidy
If a tumor has a low differentiation, what is the grade?
higher grade b/c not resembling the cells they came from. closer to anaplastic
What are carcinomas?
what is the staining?
Malignant tumor from epithelium.
Adenocarcionmas are glandular. papillary have projections
cytokeratin stain
How do carcinomas spread? what are the exceptions (you can figure them out. there are 4)
Spread lymphatically. exceptions that spread hematogenously are:
Renal cell (into renal vein)
Hepatocellular (into hepatic vein)
Choriocarcinoma (invasive by nature)
Follicular carcinoma of thyroid (b/c you remember that)
Pancreatic tumor markers?
CA 19-9 and CEA
Alpha fetoprotein is up with what?
Hepatocellular carcinoma, and testicular tumors, mixed germ cell tumors, yolk sac tumor
S-100 is marker for what?
Neural crest: melanomas, neural tumors, schwannomas, langerhans histiocytosis
Tumor marker TRAP is for what?
TRAP the hairy animal
Psamomma bodies are in what? mnemonic
PSaMMoma
Papillary of thyroid
Serous papillary cystadenoma
Meningioma
Malignant mesothelima
Malignant mesothelial tumors are often ending with what?
Sarcoma. angiosarcoma (benign form would be hemangioma), osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma…
Smooth muscle cancer vs striated?
Leioma and leiomyosarcoma are smooth
rhabdomyoma and rhabdomyosarcoma are striated
How do tumors get blood supply?
Induce angiogenesis:
bFGF is basic fibroblast growth factor
Vascular endothelial growth factor si VEGF
Mnemonic for order of cancers metastasizing to the liver?
Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver
Colon»stomach>Pancreas>breast>lung
think of shit that drains to liver.
High LFTs, hepatomegaly, dysfucniton signs
Mnemonic for things that metastasize to brain?
Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia
Lung Breast Skin (melanoma) Kidney (RCC), GI (colon)
Bone mets are?
PB KTL (lead kettle)
Prostat Breast Kidney Thyroid/Testes Lung
Breast is blastic or lytic
Prostate is lytic
Paraneoplastic issues with small cell lung cancer?
A’s
ACTH: Cushing
ADH: SIADH
Anti presynaptic Ca++ channels at NMJ so can’t release signal: Lambert Eaton Myasthenic syndrome
Paraneoplastic with squamous cell cancer of lung
Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy
PTHrp acts like PTH
Other tumors that secrete PTHrP?
Squamous cell lung, renal cell carcinoma, breast cancer, squamous of head and neck
Cancers that release epo?
Potentially Really High Hematocrit
Pheo, RCC, HCC, hemangioma
rarely leiomyoma
When do you start colon cancer screening if family history?
at age 40 or 10 years younger than when family member was diagnosed
