Discussion Sheets

Question 1

Definition of lipids

Answer 1

Soluble in organic solvents, not water

Question 2

Definition of proteins

Answer 2

very long chain of amino acids

Question 3

Types of proteins

Answer 3

Enzymes

Hormones (i.e. peptides)

Antibodies

Neurotransmitters

Question 4

Types of Lipids

Answer 4

Fatty acids: saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated

Triglycerides (TG)

Phospholipids

Sterols (i.e. cholesterol)

Question 5

Structure of proteins

Answer 5

Made of amino acids (AA)

20 needed by body - 9 essential

An HN2 & COOH group

Question 6

Structure of lipids

Answer 6

FA - long carbon chains

TG - three FA’s bond to glycerol

Phospholipids - TG with one FA replaced by phosphorous containing substance

Sterols - multi ring structure

Question 7

Functions of proteins

Answer 7

1. Body constituents:
   
   1. Blood clotting
   2. Transporters (hemoglobin, lipoproteins)
2. Structural components: muscle, bone, cell membrane
3. Fluid balance: osmotic pressure
4. Acid-base balance: to maintain constant conditions in the body
5. Regulation: biochemical functions and hormones role in body
6. Nerve impulse transmission: 2 AA’s are precursors of neurotransmitters
7. Immunity (i.e. antibodies)
8. Energy: 4 kcals/g

Question 8

Functions of lipids

Answer 8

• Basics:
  
  • Energy: 9 kcals/g
  • Cell membrane, saturation
• Eicosanoid: lipid regulatory substance
  
  • Thoromboxanes & prostaglandins; blood clotting, blood presure, vasodilation
• Essential FA:
  
  • Omega - 3 = decrease inflammation
  • Omega - 6 = increase inflammation
• Cholesterol
  
  • Cell membrane, bile acids, steroid hormones

Question 9

Digestion & transport of Proteins

Answer 9

Stomach

(denaturation; HCL/protease)

Small intestine (mucosal cells)

(down to AA/ short peptides)

Bloodstream

Cells

Question 10

Digestion & transport of Lipids

Answer 10

Stomach (lipase enzymes)

Small intestine

Bloodstream

Cells

Question 11

Requirements of protein

Answer 11

Adults: 0.8g/kg/day

Female adults: 46-50 g/d

Male adults: 58-63 g/d

Children: 2.2g/kg/day

Athletes: 1.2-1.8 g/kg/day

Question 12

Requirements for Lipids

Answer 12

<30% kcal from all fats

<10% saturated fat

<300 mg of dietary cholesterol

Question 13

Sources of protein

Answer 13

Dairy products

Meat products & legumes

Some grains & vegetables

Question 14

Sources of lipids

Answer 14

Saturated FA: animal fats & tropical oils

MUFA’s: vegetable oils

PUFA’s: vegetable oils (6), fish oils (3)

Sterols: animal source

Question 15

Biological value

Answer 15

N retained

N absorbed

(+) good

(-) bad

Question 16

Low protein intake

Answer 16

• fatigue, reduce work capacity, prone to infection and emaciation (extreme leanness)
• ex.
  
  • Marasmus
  • Kwashiorkor - edema (buildiup in fluids in abdominal cavity)

Question 17

High protein intake

Answer 17

Diuresis - urine formation in the kidney; losses of calcium -> osteoporosis

Question 18

Vegetarian eating:

Answer 18

• Types: lacto (dairy products), lacto-ovo (dairy products + eggs), vegan
• Plant proteinds tend to be: low-fat, no cholesterol, high fiber, and complex CHO
• Proteins should be complementary - bomcine proteins to improve ratio of essential AA
• * TAKE HOME MESSAGE = vegetarian diets can be adequate when appropriately planned

Question 19

Cardivascular disease (CVD) facts:

Answer 19

2nd leading cause of death in the U.S.

Incidence decrease because better medical services, not lifestyle changes

Question 20

Pathology (disease process) of CVD

Answer 20

Atherosclerosis

blood circulation decreases

Ischemia

Agina

blood clot

Heart attack and or stroke

Question 21

Atherosclerosis

Answer 21

thickening and narrowing of artery walls caused by plaque (invasion of cholesterol)

Question 22

Ischemia

Answer 22

insufficient blood flow

Decrease oxygen flow

Question 23

Agina

Answer 23

chest pain when heart does not get enough O2

Question 24

Myocardial infarction

Answer 24

heart attack; heart is deprived of O2

Question 25

Stroke

Answer 25

clot in artery O2 does not get to the brain

Question 26

Etiology of CVD

Answer 26

* LDL increase risk of CDV; \>130 mg/dl * Low HDL; \<35mg/dl * Total cholesterol \>180mg/dl

Question 27

Energy balance

Answer 27

Energy intake (EI) = Energy expenditure (EE)

Question 28

Basal metabolism

Answer 28

Energy expenditure through intoluntary activity only

Question 29

Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)

Answer 29

Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) + Physical activity (PA) + Thermic effect of food (TEF)

Question 30

REE

Answer 30

The day's total energy expenditure through basal metabolism only

Question 31

PA

Answer 31

Energy expenditure through voluntary physical effort

Question 32

TEF

Answer 32

Energy expended in digesting food

Question 33

Obesity

Answer 33

Contributes significantly to heart disease; type II diabetes, hypertension, cancer, stroke, and arthritis

Question 34

Body mass index (BMI)

Answer 34

used to assess obesity weight (kg) ------------ height^2 (m)

Question 35

Body composition

Answer 35

lean tissue mass + fat mass desirable range: men 10-20% women 18-25 %

Question 36

Measurements of body composition

Answer 36

Underwater weighting Skinfold Body impedance analysis

Question 37

Underwater weighting

Answer 37

Density of the body by comparitn dryland weight, underwater weight, and the volume of the water displaced by the body

Question 38

Skinfold

Answer 38

Measures the thickness of the fat layer under the skin (such as triceps, shoulder blade, and abdomen)

Question 39

Body impedance Analysis

Answer 39

Electricity is passed through the body; body water doncuts electricity, fat mass does not How much lean mass the person has and by subtraction how much fat mass

Question 40

Subcutaneous fat

Answer 40

Under the skin

Question 41

Visceral fat

Answer 41

Inside the abdominal category

Question 42

Intramuscular fat

Answer 42

within muscle fibers

Question 43

Failure paths to weight control (slows metabolism)

Answer 43

Fasting or meal skipping Very low calorie diets High protein diets