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Nutri Sci > Chapter 11 - Micronutrients > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Micronutrients Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of micronutrients

A

Vitamins

Minerals

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2
Q

Calories (vitamins and minerals)

A

Vitamins are noncaloric

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3
Q

Vitamins are

A

organic - contain element carbon

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4
Q

Minerals are

A

inorganic - no carbon

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5
Q

Sources of vitamins

A

Both plant and animal food sources

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6
Q

How are vitamins gouped?

A

By solubility (some disolve in water, others in fat)

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7
Q

Water-soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin C

B vitamins = thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid (folate), vitamin B-12 (cobalamin), vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine), biotin, and pantothenic acid

excreted in urine - toxicity is hard

not stored in body

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8
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

Vitamins A (retinol), D, E, and K

Store it - limited capacity to excrete

Vitamin A = most common deficiency

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9
Q

Minerals are product of

A

cosmological processes

Plants and animals pick them up

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10
Q

Divalent cation

A

An ion with a double positive charge

Ex. iron, clacium, zinc, and copper

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11
Q

Bioavailability

A

The degree to which a nutrient is absorbed in digestion

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12
Q

Phytic acid (phytates)

A

Phosphorous compound found in some plant foods which will reduce mineral bioavailability

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13
Q

Oxalic acid

A

A compound found in some fruits and vegetables that reduces calcium absorption

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14
Q

Tannins

A

Reduce iron absorption

found in tea

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15
Q

Acid

A

increases the solubility of minerals

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16
Q

Presence of MFP factor (Meat-Fish-Poultry)

A

increases the absorption of plant forms of iron dramatically

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17
Q

Major minerals

A

Components of bone (calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium)

Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, and chloride)

Sulfur

*Concentrations up to 1100 grams*

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18
Q

Trace minerals

A

Iron, copper, zinc, iodine, selenium, and others

are components of enzymes

components of hormones

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19
Q

Most common mineral difficiency

A

Iron

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20
Q

Zinc

A

present in structure of nearly 100 enzymes

involved in cell replication and cell division

Ex. would healing,growth, strength gains

Excess amounts = diminish the immune response

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21
Q

Myglobin

A

An iron containing protein found in muscle cells

Moves oxygen into the cell

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22
Q

Iron

A

Ability to move electrons between atoms

involved in the development of the myelin sheath and of neurotransmitters

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23
Q

Metalloenzymes

A

Enzymes with iron, zinc, or other metals as part of their structure

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24
Q

Carcinogen

A

A cancer-causing compound

detoxified by iron

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25
Q

cofactor

A

binds to the enzyme to activate it

ex. iron

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26
Q

Vitamin B-12 (cobalamin)

A

produce and maintain the myelin sheath

Activates folate, and folate activates it

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27
Q

Deficiency of B-12

A

low intake of B-12

low intake of folate

failure to produce instrinsic factor

Results: severe neurological problems, numbness, paralysis

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28
Q

intrinsic factor

A

A substance secreted by the stomach needed for the absorption of vitamin B-12

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29
Q

Folate is necessary for

A

Development of spinal column during pregnancy

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30
Q

Spina bifida

A

A neural tube defect that can be characterized by problems in gait and mental retardation

*result of a low intake of folate*

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31
Q

Folate is also necessary for what

A

DNA synthesis

Deficiency - halt cell growth

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32
Q

fortification

A

the addition of a nutrient to a food

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33
Q

Potassium

A

Major positively-charged intracellular ion

critical in the conduction of nerve impulses

*can cause cardiac arrhythmia*

result of binging or sweating too much

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34
Q

Sodium

A

Exchanged with potassium to trigger muscle contraction

defiency: decrease performance capability and may cause muscle cramping

35
Q

Chromium

A

Enhances the ability of insuline to bind to its receptor on the cell membrane

helps move glucose and amino acids into the cell

promotes synthesis and glycogen repletion

36
Q

Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)

A

Necessary for the synthesis of non-essential amino acids

needed for neurotransmitter synthesis

defiency: neurological symptoms

37
Q

Vitamin C

A

Acts as a cofactor, along with iroin, in the synthesis of collagen

38
Q

collagen

A

a protein making up connective tissue

39
Q

Scurvy

A

A disease caused by a defiency of vitamin C

40
Q

free radical

A

An atom containing an unpaired electron in its outer shell, and making it very reactive

41
Q

singlet

A

An unpaired electron in the outer shell of a free radical

42
Q

Carcinogenesis

A

The process of cancer develoment

result of free radical damage to DNA

43
Q

provitamin

A

A vitamin precursor

Used to prevent oxidative damage by reacting with free radicals

44
Q

Vitamin C and free radicals

A

Donates electrons to free radicals

45
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin E

A

Breakdown of red blood cells not protected against oxidative damage, called hemolysis

46
Q

Most important job of Vitamin A

A
47
Q

Defiency of Vitamin A

A

night blindness

48
Q

Precursor

A

A chemical compound that can be readily made by the body into another compound

*Beta-carotene is a precursor to Vitamin A*

49
Q

Differentiation

A

The process by which stem cells mature into specialized organ cells

Vitamin A is necessary for cell differentiation

50
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

51
Q

Anemia

A

A condition of having an insufficient number of red blood cells, resulting in a reduction of oxygen transport capacity and thus an inability to produce enough energy for the body

52
Q

Folate is necessary for what?

A

DNA synthesis

53
Q

Macrocytic anemia

A

Folate deficiency anemia characterized by very large red blood cells

54
Q

Megaloblastic

A

Folate deficiency anemia characterized by very large red blood cells

55
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

Vitamin B-12 deficiency anemia

56
Q

Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine) is necessary for what

A

The synthesis of hemoglobin

57
Q

Ferritin

A

Storage protein for iron

58
Q

Transferrin

A

Transport protein for iron

59
Q

Vitamin K is important for what?

A

blood clotting

60
Q

prothrombin

A

A blood clotting factor

Vitamin K is a coenzyme in the synthesis of this

61
Q

Coenzyme

A

A substance, often a vitamin, that activates an enzyme

62
Q

Pellagra

A

Niacin deficiency disease

63
Q

Beri-beri

A

Disease caused by deficiency of thiamin

64
Q

Thyroxine

A

Thyroid hormone

Regulates metabolism

Iodine is a component of it

65
Q

Goiter

A

An enlargement of the thyroid gland seen in iron deficiency

66
Q

hydroxyapatite

A

Compound of calcium and phosphorous that makes up bone

67
Q

Epiphyseal plates

A

Sites of active growth in the bone

68
Q

Remodeling

A

The continual process of bone formation and resorption

69
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Cells that form bone, laying down protein matrix and mineral

70
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Cells that break down bone and release mineral into the bloodstream

71
Q

Resorption

A

Uptake of calcium from bone

72
Q

Calcitonin

A

Hormone from the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium

73
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Hormone from the parathyroid gland that raises blood levels of calcium

74
Q

Rickets

A

Bone deformation in growing children caused by vitamin D deficiency

75
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Defiency disease in adults caused by vitamin D defiency

76
Q

Osteocalcin

A

A protein involved in bone turnover, formed by vitamin K

77
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A chronic disease usually seen in the elderly resulitng in porous, weakend bone prone to fracture

78
Q

Whole food

A

A form in its natural state, as it came from farm, field, or other source, and still resembles that source

79
Q

Fortified food

A

A food with added nutrients

The nutrients are not naturally present in the food

80
Q

Supplement

A

Nutrient obtained in purified and concentrated form, and consume as a pill or drink

81
Q

Retinol

A

The active form of vitamin A

82
Q

Carotenoid

A

a group of chemicals where some are precursors of retinol

ex. beta-carotene

83
Q

Beta-carotene

A

common plant precursor of retinol

84
Q
A

Nutri Sci (26 decks)

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