Chapter 10 - Water and electrolytes Flashcards
What is the human body made mostly of?
water
Water and blood plasma
90 percent water
adulthood body and water
50-60 percent water
Muscle and water
muscle is 72 percent water
fat tissue and water
fat tissue is only 20-35 percent water
Two compartments to hold water
Intracellular compartment
extracellular compartment
intracellular compartment
water inside cells
extracellular compartment
water outside cells
Examples of extracellular fluids
blood plasma
interstitial fluid
tears
synovial fluid
gastrointestinal secretions
Percents regarding compartments
intracellular fluid = 60%
extracellular fluid = 40%
interstitial
the space between cells in the body
*extracellular fluid
synovial
pertaining to the joints
*extracellular fluid
Sodium helps what?
retain more fluid (temporarily)
Solvent
substance in which solutes are dissolved
Water = universal solvent
solute
Substance dissolved in a solute
electrolyte
A chemical compound carrying an electrical charge and seperated into ions in a solution
Salt
A metal containing compound formed by the reaction of an acid and a base
dissociation
The process of a molecule breaking into two component parts, each carrying an electrical charge known as an ion
ion
the charged molecular fragment produced when a larger molecule splits in two when dissolved in water
Electrolyte responsibilities
transmission of nerve impulses
muscle contraction
regulation of the heartbeat
maintain fluid balance
cation
a positive ion
anion
a negative ion
Major extracellular cation
Sodium
Major intracellular cation
Potassium
Major intracellular and extracellular anion
Chloride
Depolorization
A decrease in electrical charge in a nerve cell which triggers a nerve impulse
influx of sodium ions
Action potential
The electrical signal that makes up a nerve impulse
Repolarization
An increase in electrical charge in a nerve cell after a nerve impulse has been transmitted
release of potassium
hydroxyl
the negatively charged ion consisting of oxygen and one hydrogen atom formed by the dissociation of water
OH-
Acid
A solution in which there is a greater concentration of hydrogen ions than of hydroxyl ions
base
A solution in which there is a greater concentration of hydroxyl ions than of hydrogen ions
pH
The log of the concentration of H ion in a solution
measure of acidity
0-14
0 = strong acid
7 = neutral
14 = strong base
homeostasis
“same state”
The physiological principle that the body needs a constant set of conditions of temperature, pH, concentration, and so on.
pH and logarithm
pH is the logarithm of the concentratioin of the H+ ion
Ammonia
Basic
11-12
Pancreatic juice
Basic
8-9
blood
neutral
Urine
Acidic
6
Orange juice
Acidic
4
Vinegar
Acidic
2-3
Stomach acid
Acid
1-2
Body’s average temperature
98.6 degrees
Specific heat
The amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of a substance
*Water has a high specific heat*
latent heat of vaporization
Heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the gaseous state
Ex. sweat - cools us down
Hydrolysis
The splitting of a water molecule in order to provide charged fragments to combine with charged fragments of some other molecule
Blood plasma = how much percent water
90% water
How many gut secretions are made per day?
7-9 liters
What are responsible for maintaining intra- and extra-cellular fluid volumes?
electrolytes
Thirst
Signal for not having sufficient fluid in the body
fluid level dropped by 1%
How much of consumed water is absorbed?
98 percent
osmosis
The movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration across a membrane
Polar
A molecule, such as water, with positively and negatively charged regions
insensible losses
Water lost through skin and lungs in amounts too low to notice as they happen
Urine
regulates the amount of water in the body
Infant diarrhea
The major cause of infant mortality worldwide, killing millions of infants yearly
Depletes water and electrolytes
Hyponatremia
Low blood concentrations of sodium
Hypokalemia
low blood concentrations of potassium
Most important electrolytes
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
What organ regulates electrolytes?
the Kidney
systolic
the upper number in a blood pressure reading, signifying the contraction pressure of the heart
diastolic
The bottom number in a blood pressure reading, signifying the residual pressure between heartbeasts
Two kinds of heart disease hypertension causes
Atherosclerosis
congestive heart failure
Athersclerosis
the process of cholesterol buildup in the arteries leading to coronary heart disease
Congestive heart failure
Higher diastolic blood pressure forces greater pumping effort from the heart
The heart cant keep up and blood pools in the veins
