Chapter 10 - Water and electrolytes

Question 1

What is the human body made mostly of?

Answer 1

water

Question 2

Water and blood plasma

Answer 2

90 percent water

Question 3

adulthood body and water

Answer 3

50-60 percent water

Question 4

Muscle and water

Answer 4

muscle is 72 percent water

Question 5

fat tissue and water

Answer 5

fat tissue is only 20-35 percent water

Question 6

Two compartments to hold water

Answer 6

Intracellular compartment

extracellular compartment

Question 7

intracellular compartment

Answer 7

water inside cells

Question 8

extracellular compartment

Answer 8

water outside cells

Question 9

Examples of extracellular fluids

Answer 9

blood plasma

interstitial fluid

tears

synovial fluid

gastrointestinal secretions

Question 10

Percents regarding compartments

Answer 10

intracellular fluid = 60%

extracellular fluid = 40%

Question 11

interstitial

Answer 11

the space between cells in the body

*extracellular fluid

Question 12

synovial

Answer 12

pertaining to the joints

*extracellular fluid

Question 13

Sodium helps what?

Answer 13

retain more fluid (temporarily)

Question 14

Solvent

Answer 14

substance in which solutes are dissolved

Water = universal solvent

Question 15

solute

Answer 15

Substance dissolved in a solute

Question 16

electrolyte

Answer 16

A chemical compound carrying an electrical charge and seperated into ions in a solution

Question 17

Salt

Answer 17

A metal containing compound formed by the reaction of an acid and a base

Question 18

dissociation

Answer 18

The process of a molecule breaking into two component parts, each carrying an electrical charge known as an ion

Question 19

ion

Answer 19

the charged molecular fragment produced when a larger molecule splits in two when dissolved in water

Question 20

Electrolyte responsibilities

Answer 20

transmission of nerve impulses

muscle contraction

regulation of the heartbeat

maintain fluid balance

Question 21

cation

Answer 21

a positive ion

Question 22

anion

Answer 22

a negative ion

Question 23

Major extracellular cation

Answer 23

Sodium

Question 24

Major intracellular cation

Answer 24

Potassium

Question 25

Major intracellular and extracellular anion

Answer 25

Chloride

Question 26

Depolorization

Answer 26

A decrease in electrical charge in a nerve cell which triggers a nerve impulse influx of sodium ions

Question 27

Action potential

Answer 27

The electrical signal that makes up a nerve impulse

Question 28

Repolarization

Answer 28

An increase in electrical charge in a nerve cell after a nerve impulse has been transmitted release of potassium

Question 29

hydroxyl

Answer 29

the negatively charged ion consisting of oxygen and one hydrogen atom formed by the dissociation of water OH-

Question 30

Acid

Answer 30

A solution in which there is a greater concentration of hydrogen ions than of hydroxyl ions

Question 31

base

Answer 31

A solution in which there is a greater concentration of hydroxyl ions than of hydrogen ions

Question 32

pH

Answer 32

The log of the concentration of H ion in a solution measure of acidity 0-14 0 = strong acid 7 = neutral 14 = strong base

Question 33

homeostasis

Answer 33

"same state" The physiological principle that the body needs a constant set of conditions of temperature, pH, concentration, and so on.

Question 34

pH and logarithm

Answer 34

pH is the logarithm of the concentratioin of the H+ ion

Question 35

Ammonia

Answer 35

Basic 11-12

Question 36

Pancreatic juice

Answer 36

Basic 8-9

Question 37

blood

Answer 37

neutral

Question 38

Urine

Answer 38

Acidic 6

Question 39

Orange juice

Answer 39

Acidic 4

Question 40

Vinegar

Answer 40

Acidic 2-3

Question 41

Stomach acid

Answer 41

Acid 1-2

Question 42

Body's average temperature

Answer 42

98.6 degrees

Question 43

Specific heat

Answer 43

The amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of a substance \*Water has a high specific heat\*

Question 44

latent heat of vaporization

Answer 44

Heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the gaseous state Ex. sweat - cools us down

Question 45

Hydrolysis

Answer 45

The splitting of a water molecule in order to provide charged fragments to combine with charged fragments of some other molecule

Question 46

Blood plasma = how much percent water

Answer 46

90% water

Question 47

How many gut secretions are made per day?

Answer 47

7-9 liters

Question 48

What are responsible for maintaining intra- and extra-cellular fluid volumes?

Answer 48

electrolytes

Question 49

Thirst

Answer 49

Signal for not having sufficient fluid in the body fluid level dropped by 1%

Question 50

How much of consumed water is absorbed?

Answer 50

98 percent

Question 51

osmosis

Answer 51

The movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration across a membrane

Question 52

Polar

Answer 52

A molecule, such as water, with positively and negatively charged regions

Question 53

insensible losses

Answer 53

Water lost through skin and lungs in amounts too low to notice as they happen

Question 54

Urine

Answer 54

regulates the amount of water in the body

Question 55

Infant diarrhea

Answer 55

The major cause of infant mortality worldwide, killing millions of infants yearly Depletes water and electrolytes

Question 56

Hyponatremia

Answer 56

Low blood concentrations of sodium

Question 57

Hypokalemia

Answer 57

low blood concentrations of potassium

Question 58

Most important electrolytes

Answer 58

Sodium Potassium Chloride

Question 59

What organ regulates electrolytes?

Answer 59

the Kidney

Question 60

systolic

Answer 60

the upper number in a blood pressure reading, signifying the contraction pressure of the heart

Question 61

diastolic

Answer 61

The bottom number in a blood pressure reading, signifying the residual pressure between heartbeasts

Question 62

Two kinds of heart disease hypertension causes

Answer 62

Atherosclerosis congestive heart failure

Question 63

Athersclerosis

Answer 63

the process of cholesterol buildup in the arteries leading to coronary heart disease

Question 64

Congestive heart failure

Answer 64

Higher diastolic blood pressure forces greater pumping effort from the heart The heart cant keep up and blood pools in the veins