Chapter 13 - Pregnancy Flashcards
conception
The joining of the sperm and the egg to form an embryo
The beginning of pregnancy
Fertility
Production of babies
Embryo
The fertilized egg resulting from conception, and developing into a fetus
Congenital anomaly
A change from normal due to genetic damage or changes in gene expression
aka: birth defect
Birth defect
Congenital anomaly
Fetus
An unborn human infant of more that eight weeks age
Miscarriage
Spontaneous abortion of the fetus
Often caused by a congenital anomaly
Occurring less than 20 weeks into the pregnancy
Teratrogen
An agent that damages genetic material or otherwise causes a congenital anomaly
Infertility
Lack of production of babies
Result of high/low body fat
Amenorrhea
A lack of regular menstrual cycles
Poor iron status =
increases risk of early delivery
Iron needs double in pregnancy*
Oligomenorrhea
Having fewer than 6 menstrual cycles per year
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Can cause scarring of the fallopian tubes, blocking the passage of the egg to the uterus
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Seen in obese women
Marked by high testosterone levels with abnormal body hair and acne
Outer layer of ovaries become hard and think preventing ovulation, resulting in infertility
Ovaries
The source of eggs in the female reproductive system
Ovulation
The release of eggs from the ovaries
High blood sugar levels in the first two months of pregnancy
are teratrogenic and double or triple the risk of birth defects
Isoflavones
Found in soybeans, are very weak estrogens
Lengthen the time between menstrual periods and make it take longer for conception to occur
Low intakes of zinc in males
reduce fertility
Hypogonadism
Delayed or reduced development of sexual organs and secondary sex characteristics
Result of a low intake of zinc
Baby measurements at birth
7.5 pounds
20 inches long
Trimester
A third of a pregnancy
Spina bifida
A failure of the spinal column to form properly, leading to difficulties in gait or mental retardation
deficiency of folic acid
Placenta
Organ that transfers nutrients and oxygen to the fetus, removes wastes, and produces hormones
Hyperplasia
Growth by an increase in the number of cells
Hypertrophy
Growth by an increase in the size of cells
Edema
Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid
Weight gain should be higher for people with edema
Pre-eclampsia
A condition that potentially can lead up to eclampsia
Anabolism
metabolism of synthesis
storing energy as fat - first half of pregnancy
Catabolism
Metabolism of breakdown
second half of pregnancy - stores are feeding the infant
Proteinuria
protein in the urine - abnormal event
Eclampsia
A condition of later pregnancy involving high blood pressure that may lead to convulsions, kidney damage, stillbirth, and even death
gestational diabetes
Diabetes beginning in and usually ending after pregnancy
Ketones
Products of fat metabolism harmful to the fetus in high concentrations
anovulation
The stage of not ovulating-not releasing eggs
Prolactin
Hormone that stimulates milk production
Oxytocin
Hormone that stimulates letdown
Letdown
The reflex that releases milk from the milk gland into the milk duct
Contraindictations
A medical reason against some action
Engorgement
When the breast is overfilled with milk
Mastitis
Breast infection
Infancy
The period of birth throug the first year of life
characterized by rapid growth and development
Renal solute load
The amont of material the kidneys have to excrete in the urine
