Chapter 12 - Phytonutrients

Question 1

Phytochemicals (aka phytonutrients)

Answer 1

Non-nutrient component of plants with physiological effects on humans

Lower cholesterol

Reduce risk of cancer

Lower blood pressure

Question 2

Eating fruits and vegetables can

Answer 2

cut your cancer risk in half

Question 3

cabbage

Answer 3

= no cancer

Question 4

Protective fruits and vegetables

Answer 4

Lettuce

Leafy greens

Onions

Carrots

Cabbage family

Citrus

Broccoli

Potatoes

Question 5

Beta-carotene hypothesis

Answer 5

Beta-carotene protects against cancer without conversion to retinol

Question 6

Anti-oxidant hypothesis

Answer 6

suggests that anti-oxidant compounds protect the body from oxidative damage that could lead to cancer

Question 7

Examples of anti-oxidants

Answer 7

Vitamins C & E

Question 8

Sources of beta-carotene

Answer 8

Yellow and orange fruits and vegetables

Question 9

Tomatoes get their color from

Answer 9

lycopene

Question 10

Sources of lutein

Answer 10

Dark leafy greens are rich in a carotenoid called lutein

Question 11

Where are lutein and lycopene found?

Question 12

How many carotenoids in nautre?

Answer 12

500 carotenoids in nature

Question 13

Chemoprevention

Answer 13

Prevention of cancer by use of phytochemicals

Question 14

Diet rich in tomatoes

Answer 14

Lowers risk of prostate cancer

Question 15

Carcinogenesis

Answer 15

The process of the development of cancer

Question 16

Carcinogens

Answer 16

Chemicals that damage DNA and lead to the development of cancer

Question 17

lung cancer -

Answer 17

asbestos workers

Question 18

Liver cancer -

Answer 18

vinyl chloride

Question 19

Nitrates - nitrosamines

Answer 19

Can contribute to cancer risk

Question 20

Spoiled foods leads to…

Answer 20

stomach cancer

Question 21

aflotoxins

Answer 21

example of molds toxins

leads to liver cancer

Question 22

Examples of foods that naturally have carcinogens present

Answer 22

Bracken fern and sassafras

Question 23

Three stages of the development of cancer

Answer 23

1. initiation
2. promotion
3. progression

Question 24

Apoptosis

Answer 24

The process in a normal cell that seperates it from a cancer cell

Programmed cell death

Question 25

Initiation

Answer 25

First stage in carcinogenesis, marked by DNA damage, which produces an initiated cell, which is neither normal nor cancerous

Question 26

Promotion

Answer 26

Second stage in carcinogenesis, marked by more DNA damage, which takes the cell from being an initiated cell to being a cancer cell

Question 27

Progression

Answer 27

Final stage in carcinogenesis, which produces a tumor

Question 28

Malignant

Answer 28

Cancerous, as in a tumor 2 characteristics: invasive and metastasize

Question 29

Metastasize

Answer 29

To spread metastatically they grow into surrouding tissues, invading them, spreading into nearby organs

Question 30

Metastasis

Answer 30

The spread of the cancer to distant locations

Question 31

Phase I enzymes

Answer 31

create or activate procarcinogens into actual carcinogens

Question 32

Receptors

Answer 32

Site on a cell that binds to a hormone

Question 33

Lignans

Answer 33

Lower blood levels of estrogen

Question 34

Indoles

Answer 34

induce higher levels of enzymes that lower amounts of an estrogen precursor

Question 35

Angiogenesis

Answer 35

the development of blood vessels blocked by genistein

Question 36

Ecology

Answer 36

The interaction between individual organisms and between organisms and their environment