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Pharmacology > Diabetic Medications > Flashcards

Diabetic Medications Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main classes of oral diabetic medications?

A 
Biguanides
Sulphonylureas
Thiazolidinediones 
DPP4 inhibitors
α-glucosidase inhibitors 
SGLT2 inhibitors 
GLP1 analogues
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2
Q

What is the target HbA1c for diabetics?

A

6.5-7.5%

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3
Q

What is the recommended management if the HbA1c is 6.5%?

A 
Diet 
\+ 
metformin 
OR
metformin + sulphoylurea/glitazone
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4
Q

What is an example of a biguanide?

A

Metformin

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5
Q

What is the route of administration of metformin?

A

Oral

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of metformin?

A

Decrease gluconeogenesis

Decrease insulin resistance

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7
Q

What are the side effects of metformin?

A

Nausea
D+V
Loss of appetite
Lactic acidosis

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8
Q

When is metformin contraindicated?

A

eGFR <30

Metabolic acidosis

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9
Q

What is an example of a Sulphonylurea?

A

Gliclazide

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10
Q

What is the route of administration of gliclazide?

A

Oral

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11
Q

What is the mechanism of gliclazide?

A

ATP sensitive potassium channel blocer -> stimulates beta cell to release insulin

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12
Q

What are the side effects of gliclazide?

A

Weight gai
Hypoglycaemia
Constipation

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13
Q

When is gliclazide contraindicated?

A

Hepatic impairment

NBM

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14
Q

What are examples of Thiazolidinediones?

A

Pioglitazone

Rosiglitazone

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15
Q

What is the route of administration of pioglitazone?

A

Oral

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16
Q

What is the mechanism of pioglitazone?

A

PPARγ receptor agonist -> increases insulin sensitivity

Reduces insulin resistance

17
Q

What are the side effects of pioglitazone?

A

Weight gain
Fluid retention
Heart failure
Eye problems

18
Q

When is pioglitazone contraindicated?

A

Hepatic impairment
Heart failure
NBM

19
Q

What are examples of DPP4 inhibitors?

A

Sitagliptin

Linagliptin

20
Q

What is the route of administration of DPP4 inhibitors?

A

Oral

21
Q

What is the mechanism of DPP4 inhibitors?

A

Inhibit DPP4 activity

Stops breakdown of incretin

Increases GLP1 concentrations

22
Q

What are the side effects of DPP4 inhibitors?

A

GI symptoms

Pancreatitis

23
Q

When are DPP4 inhibitors contraindicated?

A

History of excessive alcohol
Pancreatitis
Gall stones
NBM

24
Q

What is an example of an α-glucosidase inhibitor?

A

Acarbose

25
Q

What is the route of administration of acarbose?

A

Oral

26
Q

What is the mechanism of acarbose?

A

Inhibits breakdown of carbs to glucose

27
Q

What are the side effects of acarbose?

A

Flatulence

Diarrhoea

28
Q

When is acarbose contraindicated?

A

IBD
Hernias
Predisposition to bowel obstruction

29
Q

What is are examples of SGLT2 inhibitors?

A

Canagliflozin

Dapagliflozin

30
Q

What is the route of administration of SGLT2 inhibitors?

A

Oral

31
Q

What is the mechanism of SGLT2 inhibitors?

A

Selectively inhibit SGLT2 in the PCT

Increased urinary excretion of glucose

32
Q

What are the side effects of SGLT2 inhibitors?

A

Polyuria
UTIs
Back pain
Dizziness

33
Q

When are SGLT2 inhibitors contraindicated?

A

eGFR <60
NBM
History of Fournier’s gangrene

34
Q

What are examples of GLP1 analogues?

A

Liraglutide
Exanatide
Ozempic

35
Q

What is the route of administration of GLP1 analogues?

A

SC

36
Q

What is the mechanism of GLP1 analogues?

A 
Increase insulin secretion 
Decrease glucagon secretion 
Decrease gluconeogenesis 
Decreased food intake 
Decreased gastric emptying
37
Q

What are side effects of GLP1 analogues?

A

GI symptoms

GORD

38
Q

When are GLP1 analogues contraindicated?

A

eGFR <50
NBM
History of excessive alcohol/pancreatitis

Pharmacology (27 decks)

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