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Pharmacology > Anti-hypertensives > Flashcards

Anti-hypertensives Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main classes of anti-hypertensives?

A

ACEi
ARDs
CCBs
Diuretics

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2
Q

What are examples of ACEis?

A

Ramipril

Lisonpril

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3
Q

What are ACEis used for?

A

Hypertension

Heart failure

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4
Q

What is the route of ACEis?

A

Oral

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of ACEis?

A

Inhibits conversion of angiotensin-1 to angiotensin-2

  • vasodilation
  • reduced aldosterone release

Acts as a diuretic

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6
Q

What are side effects of ACEis?

A

Dry cough
Angioedema
Renal failure
Hyperkalaemia

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7
Q

What causes the dry cough?

A

Prevention of the breakdown of bradykinin

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8
Q

What follow up is needed when starting an ACEi?

A

U+Es 2 weeks after starting

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9
Q

What are examples of ARBs?

A

Candesartan

Losartan

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10
Q

What are ARBs used for?

A

Hypertension

Heart failure

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11
Q

What is the route of administration for ARBs?

A

Oral

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of ARBs?

A

AT1 receptor antagonist

- vasodilation by inhibiting angiotensin-2 mediated vasoconstriction

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13
Q

What are the side effects of ARBs?

A 
Renal failure
Hyperkalaemia
Dizziness
Nausea 
Headaches
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14
Q

What are the exmaples of CCB?

A

Amlodipine
Verapamil
Diltiazem

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15
Q

What is the use of amlodipine?

A

Hypertension

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16
Q

What is the route of administration of amlodipine?

A

Oral

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17
Q

What is the mechanism of amlodipine?

A

Inhibits L-type calcium channels

  • vasodilation
  • prevent smooth muscle contraction (peripheral vasculature)
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18
Q

What are the side effects of amlodipine?

A

Tachycardia
Palpitations
Flushing
Oedema

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19
Q

What are the uses of verapamil?

A

Hypertension

SVT

20
Q

What are the routes of administration of verapamil?

A

PO

IV

21
Q

What is the mechanism of verapamil?

A

Prolongs action potential - prevents smooth muscle contraction

22
Q

What are side effects of verapamil?

A

Constipation
Risk of bradycardia
Worsen heart failure

23
Q

What are the uses of diltiazem?

A

Hypertension
Angina
SVT

24
Q

What is the route of administration of diltiazem?

A

Oral

25
Q

What is the mechanism of diltiazem?

A

Prolongs action potential
Vasodilation
Prevent smooth muscle contraction

26
Q

What are the side effects of diltiazem?

A

Risk of bradycardia

Can worsen heart failure

27
Q

What other drugs are used for hypertension?

A

Spironolactone

Labetelol

28
Q

When is labetalol used?

A

Pre-eclampsia

Hypertension in pregnancy

29
Q

What class is labetalol?

A

Beta adrenoreceptor antagonist

30
Q

What is the route of administration of labetalol?

A

PO

IV

31
Q

What is the mechanism of labetalol?

A

Reduce sympathetic outflow - slows HR

Dilate blood vessels - reduce TPR

32
Q

What are the side effects of labetalol?

A 
Dizziness
Rash 
Headaches
Tingling scalp 
Dysuria
Shortness of breath
33
Q

What class is spironolactone?

A

Aldosterone antagonist

34
Q

What is spironolactone used for?

A 
Oedema
Ascites 
Nephrotic syndrome 
Heart failure
Resistant hypertension
35
Q

What is the route of administration of spironolactone?

A

PO

36
Q

What is the mechanism of spironolactone?

A

Competes with aldosterone at mineralocorticoid receptors
Prevents upregulation of ENaC
Sodium stays in tubule

37
Q

What are side effects of spironolactone?

A

Hyperkalaemia
Impotence
Painful gynaecomastia
Refractory hyperaldosteronism

38
Q

What other classes can be used for hypertension?

A

Alpha-adrenoreceptor blockers

Beta-adrenoreceptor blockers

39
Q

What is an example of an alpha-adrenoreceptor blocker used for hypertension?

A

Doxazosin

40
Q

What is the route of administration for doxazosin?

A

Oral

41
Q

What is the mechanism of doxazosin?

A

Reduces peripheral resistance

Antagonise contractile effects of NA on smooth muscle

42
Q

What are side effects of doxazosin?

A

Postural hypotension
Headache
Fatigue
Oedema

43
Q

What is an example of a beta-adrenoreceptor blocker used for hypertension?

A

Bisoprolol

44
Q

What is bisoprolol used for?

A

Hypertension

Sinus tachy

45
Q

What is the route of administration for bisoprolol?

A

PO

46
Q

What is the mechanism of bisoprolol?

A

Reduce CO
Slow conduction
Decrease sympathetic tone

47
Q

What are side effects of bisoprolol?

A

Bronchoconstriction
Hypotension
Bradycardia
Raunaud’s

Pharmacology (27 decks)

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