Development Flashcards
Define GNP
The total value of goods and services produced both in the country and out of the country
Define Literacy rate
The percentage of people that can read and write
Define Life expectancy
The average age a person can expect to live
Explain why is human development index is good
- it takes into account variety of factor
- life expectancy/education (number of school) are used to give a better index of development than income alone
- easy to carry out statistical comparison between countries/change over time
Explain why there are differences in levels of development
- levels of education/skills of workforce
- trade policy/free trade
- wars/civil unrest
- investment/aid from other countries
- government policies
- development of a economic activities such as tourism, mining on manufacturing
Variation in soil fertility
Water supplies
Corruption
Physical factors
Climate
-many poorer countries are in the tropics, where it is hot, the land is less fertile, water is scare and disease flourish
—>poor climate reduces the amount of food being produced, selling less
Natural resources
- some raw materials are valuable and can help a country develop if they have the resources to collect and process them, eg oil, diamond, forest and gold
—> lack of raw materials mean they have to spend less to sell and spend more on development
Location
-being near trade routes and having access to the sea eg ports have been good for trades
—> landlocked countries can’t trade using coast
Natural hazards
-some places are vulnerable to natural disaster eg Haiti is located in an area prone to earthquakes and hurricanes
—> natural hazards can ruin current infrastructure, wasting government money
Political factors
Trade-goods are traded on a global scale but it is difficult for poor countries to compete
Corruption-unstable government won’t invest into improving quality of life
—> corrupt government means money is divided
—> countries in war loses money that could be spend, destroying infrastructure and life
War- wars uses resources and make it difficult to produce goods and trade
Economic factors
- Poor trade links mean it can’t import or export reducing chance for development
- lots of debt means high interest rates can’t be used elsewhere
Reliance on primary products doesn’t produce money making little profits
Open economies means welcome foreign investment, reducing potential corruption
Social factors
Discrimination-some groups may have less opportunities and this can hold them back overall development e.g women aren’t educated to the same standards as men
—> women may be not be equal and less likely to be educated as men
Population-over population occurs where population growth outstrip resources
—> high population means high demand holding back economies development
Unsafe drinking water means lots of illness reducing the workforce
Education factor
Uneducated means can’t get jobs
Deterrent to investors since they are less demand
More educated may have smaller families so are able to invest
Those in the informal sector are low paid and are often part time
Define globalisation
The process by which the world becoming interconnected as a result of trade and cultural exchange
Causes of globalisation､
Improvements in transport
-aircraft and shipping (containerisation) has allowed people and goods to move cheaply and quickly
Free trade
-free barriers have fallen internationally in order to improve economies leading to increase in trade internationally
Improvement in communication devices
-makes it easier to communicate and share information around the world
Growth of global media
- brands have international influence
- western culture has diffused into other areas fuelling international interest to emulate
International migration
-people are willing to move to different countries in order to search for work
The role of TNCs in globalisation
- they are firms that owns or controls productive operation in more than one country
- their use of searching for cheaper labour has led to development of other countries, investing offices and factories there
- they use the profits for product innovation to dominate the market
- the spread of global consumerism culture has been important to the success of TNCs due to their marketing strategies
Impacts of MNCs nationally positive
- brings work in the country and uses local labour
- improvement to infrastructure and services
- companies provide machinery and modern technology
- brings welcome investment and foreign currency to the country through taxation of the TNCs
- increase GNP leader to increase demand for consumer goods and industrial growth
- TNCs bring wealth and foreign currency to local economies when they buy local resources, product and services. The extra money created by this investment can be spent on education,health and infrastructure
Impacts MNCs nationally negative
- very few local skilled are employed
- most profits go oversea and so isn’t being invested in the local area widening the gap
- local labour force is poorly paid
- insufficient attention is paid to health and safety within a local area and the protection of the environment isn’t a priority
- decision made outside of the country and can pull out of the host anytime creating massive job loss
Impacts of globalisation internationally
- changing the world economic order
- development of a hierarchy of global cities
Increasing the uniformity of landscapes
- environment degradation
- international migration
Impacts globalisation nationally
- loss of authority to regional and international organisations
- increase in cultural diversity
- incoming and outgoing international migrants
- TNCs employing increasing share of the workforce
- TNCs avoiding to pay tax
Impacts of globalisation locally
- small business closing
- multinational community
- families spread across the world
- greater variety of international cuisine
- development of ethic villages in urban areas
Explain why there are difference in levels of development between countries
Length of time in which development has been occurring
Manufacturing
Political system
Trade policy
War
Level of education
Government policies
Development of economic activity such as tourism, mining or
Variation in amount of energy in different parts of the world
Varying in population
Some countries have more energy
—> oil
Some people can’t afford the energy
Lack of technology
Energy available through tout the country
Some country are more industrialised
—>manufacturing industry likely to use more cars
Some countries use more energy travelling by plane
How tourism cause problems
-loss of farmland /homes
-inflation of prices
-seasonal employment
-low wages
-noise
-litter
-traffic congestion
-visual pollution spoils the view
-vandalism
-lack of privacy
Less water supply for locals
-dilution of culture
-racism of tourist
-sea pollution
Explain how the location of the industry can be influenced transportation
Near roads
Railway
Ports
Airport
Transport material
Reduces cost
Transport finished goods
Explain why globalisation has occurred
Make more profit
Improved transport
—> containerisation
Reduce cost
Making it more efficient cheaper
Improved in communication
Share information around the world
For example the internet
Growth of TNCs
Growth of social media
Cheaper labour in other countries
Explain why there is a relationship between GNP per capita and life expectancy
High GNP will result in mor investment in health care
—> people will be able to afford medicine
In low GNP counties many people have
—> poor sanitation
—> water supply
So many people die from waterborne disease
High GNP are able to pay pensions to elderly
Explain how the location of manufacturing industry may be influenced by political factors
Government encourages industrial growth in some areas
Development areas
Subsidies
Lower tax rates
Infrastructure
May offer low interest loans
Protects certain areas from pollutions
Factors likely to influence locations
Road transport-> for transport of raw materials
Close to ports to import
Near rivers for cooling water use for processes
Close to airports for business travel
Availability of resources to reduce transport cost
Cost of land as large area will be needed
Labour supply as processes will require workforce
Near university for skilled labour
Explain why quaternary industry has become important in countries where economic development is rapid
Make lots of ports
Provide information technology services
Skills to be employed in these industries
Research and development allows business to improve
New innovations
Why some government may not want to solve the problems
Cost too much
Government more concerned about development than the people
Create jobs
Make money
Corruption from the government
Why employment structure of a country as it develop
Mechanisation
Industrialisation
Exhaustion of natural resources
Skill development
TNCs established in country
People can afford more demand for services
Explain why the percentage of the population employed in the primary sector reduces as the country develop
Exhaustion of resources
Less dependence on subsistence agriculture
Mechanisation of technology
Raw material
Improved education
Growth of factories
