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Geography > Coast > Flashcards

Coast Flashcards

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1
Q

Abrasion

A

When pebbles are picked by the waves and thrown against the cliff this create a sand paper effect

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2
Q

Hydraulic action

A

Force of the wave hit the rock, the air is trapped by the wave in the crock and cracks it further due to the hydraulic pressure

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3
Q

Attrition

A

When rocks that the river is carrying knock against each other they break apart to become smaller and more rounded

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4
Q

Solution/corrosion

A

Where the rock is put into the solution by weak acid

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5
Q

Characteristics of destructive waves

A

High wave height

Beach gradient steep

Plunge forward

Smash is weak

Rotation of water causes strong backwash

Erodes beaches

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6
Q

Constructive wave characteristics

A

Low wave height

Beach gradient is gentle

Spill forward gently

Creates a strong swath

Water drains through beach material

Backwash is weak

Build up beaches

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7
Q

Key factor that affect the coast

A

Geology- hard rock types are less likely to erode

Fetch of the wave and the strength of the wind. Powerful winds and a long fetch create the most damaging erosive waves

The angle of the slope- steep slopes erode more violently and frequently

Weather conditions- freezing temperatures and heavy rain increases weathering and rate of erosion

Amount of vegetation- presence of vegetation helps stabilise slope but also increase occurrence of the biological weathering

The amount of human interference- if there are no man-made structure(eg sea wall) to protect the coast then the coast is more vulnerable to attack.

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8
Q

Explain how longshore drift

A
  1. Prevailing winds pushes the wave at an angle eh oh then picks up sediment they come in at an angle because of the wind direction.
  2. Smash moves up the beach at the angle
  3. the wave that called backwash pulls the sediment back down straight to the beach,
  4. the process then gradually moving sediment along the beach in a zigzag motion and is called longshore drift
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9
Q

Coastal deposition

A

It where the material that is being transported is dropped by a constructive wave, this happens when waves have less energy, when smash is stronger than backwash

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10
Q

Wave cut platform

A

Wave cut platform is formed by the sea attacking the cliff face though different type of erosion

Abrasion is where the cliff are worn down from destructive waves and throwing of the material in the wave

Hydraulic action occur when the when enter the cracks within the cliff at the high tide mark compressing the air within resulting in expansion of the crack as the wave retreats

This then has the effect of creating a notch which slowly become larger and larger forming a small cave

As erosion continues to occur the weight of the cliff eventually can’t support itself and collapse as a result with the material being deposited and then carried out the the sea through repetition of these processes, a wave cut platform is formed

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11
Q

Formation of cave

A

Crack in the rock erode through abrasion

Cave occur when the wave force their way into the crack in the cliff face.The water contain sand and other materials grind away at the rock until the cracks become a cave . This is called hydraulic action and abrasion are the main Erosion

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12
Q

Formation of arch

A

If the cave is formed in a headland. It may eventually break through to the other side forming an arch

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13
Q

Formation of stack

A

The arch will continue to be eroded(attrition) and will gradually become bigger until it can no longer support the top of the arch. When the arch collapse , it leaves the head land on one side and a stack( a tall column rock) on the other

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14
Q

Formation of stump

A

The stack will be attacked at the base in the same way that a wave-cut notch is formed. This weakens the structure and it will eventually collapse to form a stump

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15
Q

Discordant coastline

A

Have bays and headlands as there are alternating hard and soft rock

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16
Q

Concord at coastline

A

Have less bay and lead lands as there are made up of the same type of rock

17
Q

Formation Bay and headlands

A

Headland and bays are formed at the discordant coastline.

The bands of soft rock are less resistant to erosion, such as sand and clay

Therefore, they erode more quickly than the hard rock which is more resistant such as limestone

Waves are able to erode the soft rock more rapidly and form bays. Bay form beaches and are covered by layers of loosely consolidated sand ,slit and clay.
Bays are made of rock that are easily eroded

Erosion by waves at the base of these cliffs cause slumping and the cliff sediment collapse on on the beach. Storm can lead to an increase erosion

Once bays are formed they become protected by the headland and so are less eroded

The hard rock is left jutting out into the sea and forms headland

Once formed the headland is then left more vulnerable to erosion and the wave energy is concentrated here

18
Q

Formation of split

A

Prevailing winds come at an angle

The smash come at an angle and the backwash goes vertically straight out to the sea

This creates a zig zag movement known as longshore drift

The split develops where there is a change in direction of the coastline hook by the wave in the other direction

19
Q

Formation of sand dunes

A

The sand is blown by the wind

Obstacles/plant causes the wind to slow and deposit sand
—> this increases size of the obstacle I.e the dune grows

20
Q

Beaches

A

The smash carries the deposit to the collapsed rock of attrition and longshore drift carries further deposit

The coast material is deposited at the upper limit reached by the swath and the back wash leaves the smallest material last

21
Q

Factors for coral reef

A

Coral reef are found in or near the tropics

  1. TEMPERATURE- mean annual temperature has to be over 18 optimum 24
  2. DEPTH- can only grown in the water less than 25 metres deep
  3. LIGHT- shallow water allows light for tiny photosynthesising algae providing coral food
  4. SALINITY- can only live in sea water with not too high salt
  5. CLEANLINESS- water needs low pollution as they are sensitive
  6. WAVE ACTION- prefer high energy, ensuring freshly oxygenated water
    —> helps clean out trapped sediment brings plankton but maybe destroyed of too exposed
  7. EXPOSURE TO AIR- coral die if they are exposed for too long to arise they can only survive and grow at low tide level
22
Q

Explain why many people live on or close to the coast even though it may be hazardous

A

Employment of tourism

Leisure activities like fishing

Fresh air

Can’t afford to move

Friends and family

Risk perception

23
Q

Explain why living on or close to a coast can be hazardous

A

Loss of garden

Damages to road

Rising sea level

Tsunami

Coastal erosion

Tropical storms

Properties collapse

24
Q

Slumping

A

Often occurs in sedimentary rocks trigger by extreme weather

Rocks can fall suddenly to the beach leads to bite shaped chunks are removed from the top of the cliff

There will be a fan shape at the foot of the cliff

Caused by

  • winter storm erode the foot of the cliff
  • weathering weakens the strength of the cliff
  • loosely compacted rocks is permeable, water being absorbed during heavy rain extra weight been given slumping might occur
25
Q

Explain why living on or close to a coast can be hazardous

A 
Coastal erosion
Properties to collapse 
Damage roads
Coastal flooding 
Tsunami
Tropical storms
Rocks fall
Loss of garden

Geography (41 decks)

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