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Philosophy, ethics and religion. > Death and After Life > Flashcards

Death and After Life Flashcards

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1
Q

What does election mean?

A

God specifically chose some people to receive salvation and their destiny has been determined by God.

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2
Q

How did the doctrine of election arise in Christianity?

A

Through consideration of God’s omniscience. If he knows all, he would know who is going to heaven.

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3
Q

What is the difference between limited and unlimited election?

A

Limited- salvation is only granted to a few Christians but everyone has the potential. Unlimited- calls for salvation for all humans.

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4
Q

Why did Augustine believe that some people were destined for salvation and not others?

A

Augustine argued that because of the Fall and humanity’s sinful nature, god did not owe salvation to any human beings. It is only through his benevolence that he freely grants his grace to some human beings, while others are condemned.

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5
Q

How did Calvin interpret election in light of Augustinian ideas of predestination?

A

Calvin supported limited election based upon the ideas of God as completely sovereign and human nature being fundamentally corrupt. If God is truly ruling over the earth, it would not be possible for humans to have choice God did not control. Therefore, God must have decided the fate of each person.

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6
Q

What it Antelapsarianism?

A

The doctrine that God determined who would be saved or condemned before the Fall.

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7
Q

What is Postaparianism?

A

The doctrine that God determined who would be saved or condemned after the Fall.

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8
Q

What is the difference between exclusivism and inclusivism and how do they relate to the Christian doctrine of election?

A

Exclusivism is the belief that it is only through Christianity, specifically Jesus, that one can achieve salvation, whereas inclusivism affirms that people of other religions may achieve salvation, although it is not guaranteed.

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9
Q

What is Calvin’s principle of accommodation?

A

God only reaveals himself to humanity in ways that are suitable or appropriate.

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10
Q

What are the main sections of this topic?

A
  • The Soul and Resurrection.
  • Judgement.
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11
Q

What are the Christian concepts of the soul?

A
  • Immortal soul.
  • Reject rebirth or reincarnation, believe in a ‘renewed spiritual body’ (Resurrection).
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12
Q

How can we see the Christian concept of Resurrection?

A
  • Jesus’ resurrection, tomb was empty implying he was reborn into the same body and he was seen physically after death- but physical or spiritual?
  • Political groups in times of Jesus:
    Pharisees taught of Resurrection, whilst the Sadducees taught no afterlife.
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13
Q

Biblical examples of Resurrection:

A
  • ‘Doubting Thomas’- saw Jesus after being crucified, doubts that it is him physically so touches his chest and realises he is physical.
  • 1 Corinthians, seed transforming into new plant metaphor, physical earthly body is transformed to fulfil potential.
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14
Q

Tomb being empty:

A
  • Resurrection.
  • Could have moved his body as he was so popular.
  • Radical political views, hated.
  • Is it metaphorical? Is it unique to Jesus? What happens if you are cremated and there’s no physical body?
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15
Q

Problems with the idea of resurrection?

A
  • Is the Resurrection unique to Jesus??
  • What happens if you are cremated??
  • Is there a state of ‘limbo’/purgatory?
  • Jesus was exact same body, ‘wounds and all’- what if you are dismembered?? Will some people come back beheaded? Will they gain a new head?? Surely they will not be the same person then.
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16
Q

St Paul:

A
  • Adamant Jesus rose from the dead and Resurrection was a promise to all Christians.
  • 1 Corinthians seed, ‘the body that is sown is perishable, it is raised imperishable’. Natural body will perish, physical will not.
  • Suggests spiritual, not physical.
  • 2 Corinthians, explains this. Tent being replaced with a solid house.
17
Q

How is St Paul platonic?

A

Plato- ‘the body is the source of all troubles’.
St Paul explaining that death will provide a renewed version.

18
Q

Do you change with the central idea of Resurrection?

A

No, you will be the same person as a miracle given by God through ‘grace’. God can do it because he is omnipotent, we will not understand yet.

19
Q

Biblical example of judgement:

A
  • The Rich man and Lazarus.
  • Rich man ignored Lazarus at his gate, who was in poverty.
  • When Lazarus dies the rich man goes to ‘Hades’ and is looking up at ‘Abraham far away, with Lazarus at his side’.
  • Idea of Heaven and Hell.
  • The Parable of the Sheep and the Goats (Matthew 25).
  • ‘He will separate one from another as a Shepard separates the sheep from the goats’.
  • ‘the righteous to eternal life’, doesn’t suggest Christians, just people who were moral.
20
Q

Significance of ‘personal identity’?

A

Anthony Flew asks if we change upon death.
Uses example of ‘Joe’ watching his funeral, who is the Joe watching and who is the Joe being buried?

21
Q

What is the traditional idea of afterlife?

A

Heaven.
- Everlasting existence with God and loved ones.

22
Q

Biblical examples of heaven:

A

‘The great city was of gold’- Revelations.

23
Q

Criticism of heaven:

A

Bernard Williams:
- Would an eternity in heaven really be that desirable?
- It would be boring living in perfection.

Karl Rahner:
- The fact that we will eventually die gives our life meaning.

24
Q

Aquinas and the afterlife:

A
  • Work De Amina (on the soul).
  • Taught that the soul was a ‘life principle’ and the ‘form’, linking to Aristotle’s ‘formal cause’.
  • Plants, ‘vegetative soul’.
  • Animals, ‘sensitive soul’.
  • Humans, ‘rational soul’. Humans ability to think reasonably is non physical.
  • Soul allows us to live up to our purpose.
  • Happiness can only be achieved when we die, eternal bliss, the ‘beatific vision’.
25
Q

Problems with the ‘beatific vision’:

A
  • Surely we change if we are now ‘timeless’, time is an essential part to our being.
26
Q

What is Purgatory?

A
  • A state of ‘limbo’ where the body is ‘purged of sin’.
27
Q

What do Catholics think of purgatory?

A
  • Some souls are not in a sufficient state of grace to warrant heaven, need a cleansing process.
  • There may be some need for pain or punishment, just not in Hell.
  • Purging sins through ‘confession’ is also helpful.
28
Q

Philosophical take on Purgatory:

A

Karl Rahner:
- Doctrine of Purgatory arguing the soul becomes aware of the consequences of sin. This suffering is self- inflicted through guilt.

29
Q

What is the Protestant take on Purgatory?

A
  • Do not support it as it is not a biblical concept and does not support Jesus’ death on the cross.
30
Q

Support for Purgatory:

A

Pope Gregory said you could be forgiven in the afterlife.
‘Either in this age, or the age to come’.

31
Q

What is Hell?

A
  • A separation from God for all eternity.
32
Q

Argument against Hell:

A

David Hume:
- Idea of God’s justice completely comes into question.
- ‘Finite’ sin does not justify ‘infinite punishment’.

John Hick:
- Incompatible with classical theism view of God. Form of control by authorities (Marxist ideology). Religion is the ‘opiate’ of the people.

33
Q

Biblical ideologies of predestination:

A
  • ‘and those he predestined, he also called’. Romans.
  • ‘All are not created on equal terms’- John Calvin. Predestination aligns with Marxist ideas that religion is a way for authorities to control.
34
Q

Limited election:

A
  • Only a few Christians are saved.
  • Very controversial.
  • Before we are born, God has decided if we are going to be ‘damned’ or ‘saved’. Divine Foreknowledge.
35
Q

Election beliefs:

A
  • St Augustine hated ‘Pelagianism’- we are born ‘tabula rasa’.
  • Thought we are all inherently bad because of ‘Original Sin’. But didn’t Jesus die to cleanse us of our sins?
  • Only God’s grace can choose who is elected.
36
Q

Ideas on Predestination:

A
  • God predestined some for eternal punishment and others for eternal life with God (Calvinism).
  • Very unpopular, removes ideas of ‘Free Will’.
37
Q

Unlimited election:

A

Karl Barth- Jesus brought salvation for the whole world. (Universal).
- Originally said through Jesus you can be elected, but also promotes because Jesus died for us, it is ‘unlimited election’.
- Cherry coating.

John Hick:
- Universalist. God will save EVERYONE.

38
Q

John Hick and universal:

A
  • Evangelical Christian, everyone will reach God in the end.
  • Different religions are just different expressions for the desire of the same God.
39
Q

Critics of afterlife as a whole:

A

Dawkins:
- Only sense of afterlife is people remembering them when they die.
Bertrand Russel:
- ‘Wishful thinking’.
- Schleiermacher- ‘invention of the human mind’.

Philosophy, ethics and religion. (48 decks)

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