ABOO- Cosmological Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cosmological argument?

A

Use of observation of the universe to draw conclusions that it must have come about by God.

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2
Q

What is Aquinas’ book?

A

Summa Theologica.

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3
Q

Which of Aquinas’ Five Ways are Cosmological?

A

First three.

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4
Q

What is the First Way?

A

‘Unmoved Mover’

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5
Q

What is the Second Way?

A

The Uncaused Causer.

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6
Q

What is the Third Way?

A

Contingency.

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7
Q

Analyse the First Way:

A
  • Everything in the world in constant motion.
  • Aristotelean idea that everything is changing from potential to actual.
  • Chain of movers cannot go back infinitely, cycle of motion had to start somewhere and it started with the unmoved mover (infinite regression impossible).
  • He is unmoved because if he moved he would change and wouldn’t be perfect.
  • God created process so cannot be a part of it.
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8
Q

Analyse the Second Way:

A
  • ‘If you eliminate cause you also eliminate its effects’.
  • Book needs beginning in order to have middle and end.
  • God must be uncaused or we get the impossibility of infinite regression.
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9
Q

Analyse the Third Way:

A
  • Everything is Contingent, relies on something else for existence. We rely on parents for existence.
  • Infinite regression is impossible, so there must be a ‘necessary being’ that created it.
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10
Q

What is Hume’s book?

A

Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion.

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11
Q

What is Hume’s first criticism of the Cosmological argument?

A

Fallacy of composition.
Just because the universe has segments that have cause, doesn’t mean we have to say that there is cause for the universe as a whole.

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12
Q

What is a fallacy?

A

A mistaken belief.

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13
Q

What example does Hume give of his fallacy of composition?

A

Twenty particles.
If you find explanation for eery single particle, you don’t need to explain them as a whole.

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14
Q

What is Hume’s second criticism:

A

We assume there is a relationship between cause and effect, but some things are just random and without cause.
As a ‘matter of logic’, not all effects have causes.

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15
Q

What is the name for Hume’s second criticism?

A

Fallacy of Affirmation of the Consequent.

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16
Q

What does Hume conclude?

A

We have not experienced the creation of the universe, so we cannot empirically prove there is a ‘necessary being’.

But we also cannot prove the Big Bang?

17
Q

Which philosopher agrees with Hume?

A

Bertrand Russell.

18
Q

What does Bertrand Russell say, supporting Hume?

A

Supports Hume’s argument.

Just because every man has a mother, this doesn’t mean that the human race has a mother.
Leap of logic.

19
Q

Who questions the state of the necessary being?

A

J.L Mackie.

20
Q

What does J.L Mackie say?

A

Why should we accept GOD as the necessary being?
We could argue instead, that it is a ‘permanent stock of matter’.
Not typical theistic God.

21
Q

What is Bertrand Russell’s logical argument?

A

Two types of statement- analytical and synthetic.
Analytical-a priori. Necessary statements. All bachelors are unmarried men. Self-authenticating.
Synthetic- Herbert is a bachelor. When it has names or figures, not necessary as we have to prove it.
God is not necessary- God is a name.

22
Q

What are the two scientific theories for the cause of the universe?

A

Big Bang
Steady State Theory

23
Q

What happened in the Big Bang Theory?

A

Mass of energy exploded, concentrating into hot clumps, stars.

24
Q

What is evidence for the Big Bang Theory?

A
  • Redshift.
  • The universe is constantly expanding.
25
Q

Who came up with the steady state theory?

A

Bondi, Gold and Hoyle.

26
Q

What is the Steady State Theory?

A

Energy cannot be created, energy within the universe collided to form the universe.

27
Q

What does Leibniz come up with?

A

‘Principle of Sufficient Reason’.
Any existent thing in the universe requires cause/sufficient reason.
Must be a God.

28
Q

Who agrees with the idea of Contingency?

A

Frederick Copleston.
William Lane Craig.

29
Q

What does William Lane Craig believe in? Why?

A

Personal being.
Was converted during a debate.