Cytology

Question 1

Problem behind cysitic fibrosis

Answer 1

One integral pro within the membrane of the lung and epithelium of digestive system named cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance is deffective; causes mucus to become sticky

Question 2

Ribosomes

Answer 2

engage in the development or preperation of proteins and is made of 2 units

Question 3

Polyribosomes

mRNA

Answer 3

poly- ribosomes can either be floating inside the cell or chained to a structure

mRNA- is the binding string that takes info from he DNA and brings it to the ribosome to manufaceture the pro

Question 4

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 4

Synthesis of all pro that are packaged or delievered to plasma
does posttranslational modifications

Question 5

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 5

mianly detoxification of beer/drugs and synthesis/hydrolysis of glycogen

Question 6

Golgi apparatus

Answer 6

production and functional maturation of pro/polysaccharides

Question 7

Lysosomes

Answer 7

garbage bin of the cell (acidic)

Question 8

Primary, secondary, teriary lysosome

Answer 8

primary- inactive
secondary- after fusion with phagosome
tertiary- after content is degraded and returned to cytoplasm

Question 9

What is lysosomal storage disease

Answer 9

deficiency of one or more specific lysosomal enzymes which causes an accumulation of undigested material inside the lysosome

Question 10

components of the cytoskeleton + function (4)

Answer 10

microtubule (cell shape)
thin filaments (actin)
intermediate filaments (stabalize organelles)
centriole (help w cell division)

Question 11

Nuclear envalope

Answer 11

inside the nucleus we have a wall of inner and outer nuclear membranes, connected at the nuclear pore sites.

Question 12

Nuclear pore complex

Answer 12

Entry point on the nuclear envalope

-composed of 3 ring like arrays of stacked proteins

Question 13

Chromatin location, composition (heterochromatin, Euchromatin)

Answer 13

Inside nuclear envalope
heterochromatin- dense
Euchromatin- loose (in metabolically active cells)

Question 14

Nucleolus function + Structure

Answer 14

• ribosomal RNA biogenesis
• control of cellular survival proliferation

Structure

• Fibrilar centers, contains rRNA genes in tandem arrays
• dense fibrilar compartment
• granular compartment

Question 15

Telomeres

Answer 15

sequence of repetative bases at the ends of a linear chromosomes that prevent attachment and preserves them

Question 16

Cell cycle

Answer 16

G1- when synthesis of macromolecues essential for DNA dup begins
S- When DNA is duplicated
G2- cell undergoes prep for mitosis
Mitosis- process whereby the cytoplasm + nucleus of the cell are divided equally to two daughter cells

Question 17

Meiosis two steps

Answer 17

Meiosis 1- Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up, and each daughter cell recieves half the number of chomosomes

Meiosis 2- The 2 chromatids of each chromosome are seperated, followd by migration of the chromotids to opposite poles