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Diseases and Diagnosis > Concurrent Block > Flashcards

Concurrent Block Flashcards

1
Q

Does a virus have RNA or DNA?

A

Can have either but not both

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2
Q

What does the simple virus structure have?

A

Genome (RNA or DNA)
Capsid
Virion associated polymerase

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3
Q

What does a complex virus structure have?

A

Genome
Capsid
Virion associated polymerase
Envelope
Glycoproteins

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4
Q

What does is a virus envelope composed of?

A

Lipid-protein bilayer

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5
Q

How are viruses seen?

A

Electron microscopy

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6
Q

Are viruses parasites?

A

They are considered obligate intracellular parasites

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7
Q

Where do DNA viruses replicate?
Name the exception

A

Nucleus
Except poxviruses

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8
Q

Are DNA or RNA genomes more stable?

A

DNA

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9
Q

Which type of genome has a higher error rate?

A

RNA

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10
Q

How is a high error rate helpful?

A

More mutation > can see if mutation is beneficial

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of capsids?

A

Icosahedral
Helical

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12
Q

What type of capsid does not exist?

A

Naked helical capsid

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13
Q

What are the properties of a naked capsid?

A

Environmental influences (heat, detergents, acids)

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14
Q

Do naked or enveloped viruses retain infectivity upon dying?

A

Naked

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15
Q

What gives rabies its distinctive shape?

A

The tightness of the envelope with a helical shape

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16
Q

Which type of virus does not need to kill cells in order to spread?

A

Enveloped viruses

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17
Q

Describe enveloped virus

A

Sensitive to environment and must stay wet during transmission

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18
Q

What does a virus depend on a cell for?

A

Protein synthesis
Energy metabolism
Membrane biosynthesis (lipids)

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19
Q

What makes a cell susceptible for viruses?

A

Corresponding receptors

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20
Q

What makes a cell permissive to a virus

A

Provide intracellular components for virus replication

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21
Q

What does a cell need to be infected by a virus?

A

Both susceptible and permissive

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22
Q

What are the 5 steps of viral replication?

A

Uptake (susceptible)
Transport in the cell and uncoating
Replication in cytoplasm or nucleus
Assembly
Exit

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23
Q

Where are receptor-binding viral proteins?

A

Viral surface (enveloped or naked)

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24
Q

What receptor binding is reversible?

A

Protein

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25
Q

What receptor binding is irreversible?

A

Polysaccharide (must be cleaved)

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26
Q

What are 3 ways that a virus can be uncoated?

A

Plasma membrane
Endosome
Nuclear membrane

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27
Q

For viruses that fuse with the cell membrane, receptor-binding proteins require what?

A

A viral fusion protein

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28
Q

For viruses which fuse with the endosomal membrane what induces conformational change?

A

pH

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29
Q

For viruses that fuse with the cell membrane, what induces conformational change

A

NOT pH!!

(pH independent)

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30
Q

How do viruses use energy to transport into the cell?

A

Use microtubules
Some use actin cytoskeleton

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31
Q

What is another name for viral factories?

A

Inclusion bodies

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32
Q

What are viral factories?

A

Cytoplasmic or nuclear compartments (a factory for viruses)

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33
Q

How do inclusion bodies arise?

A

Rearrangement of host cell cytoskeleton

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34
Q

What are 3 mechanisms that enveloped viruses use to release from cell?

A

Budding
exocytosis
cell lysis

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35
Q

What is reverse fusion?

A

Budding and exocytosis by enveloped viruses

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36
Q

How do naked viruses release from cell?

A

Cell lysis (they build up in cell until it explodes)

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37
Q

What are the 4 layers of virus taxonomy?

A

Family
Genus
Virus
Strain/type/variant

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38
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

Ability to cause disease

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39
Q

What is viral virulence

A

A measure of pathogenicity of viruses

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40
Q

What is infectivity?

A

Measure of ease of transmission

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41
Q

What is host resistance?

A

Ability of the host to control or eliminate viral infection or viral induced disease

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42
Q

What factors impact virulence?

A

Infectious dose
Route in infection
Tissue tropism
Virus dissemination

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43
Q

What is LD50?

A

Lethal dose required to kill 50% of infected animals

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44
Q

What is ID50?

A

Infectious dose required to infect 50% of inoculated animals

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45
Q

What is tissue tropism?

A

Cell types that can be infected by a virus

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46
Q

What allows canine distemper virus to have a large amount of species tropism?

A

CD150 on lymphocytes and Nectin 4 are common on many species

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47
Q

What is pantropism?

A

Ability to infect multiple cell types in multiple organs

Ability to use multiple receptors, permissivity on different cell types

Like CDV

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48
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

Point mutations in gene segment
Can lead to epidemic

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49
Q

What is antigenic shift

A

Acquisition of new gene segments
Can lead to pandemic

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50
Q

What is virulent?

A

Insertion of cellular gene sequences which increase protein cleavage

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51
Q

What are some factors that impact host resistance or susceptibility?

A

Age, nutrition, husbandry conditions, stress, activity of the cell

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52
Q

How does activity of a cell influence viruses?

A

Replicating cells helps viruses proliferate

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53
Q

Describe papillomaviruses

A

Virus is latent in deeper epidermis, cells mature, produce viral proteins

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54
Q

What is important for initiating an infection?

A

1) susceptible cells (getting in)
2) Permissive cells (replicating)
3) Number of viruses (dose)

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55
Q

What is viremia?

A

Spread systemically

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56
Q

What is the most common portal of entry for viruses?

A

Respiratory tract

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57
Q

What does is a URT virus?

A

A virus that needs a colder environment to thrive

Infects the upper respiratory tract

There is an LRT as well

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58
Q

What are 3 mechanical barriers of the respiratory tract?

A

Ciliated cells
Mucus by goblet cells and subepithelial cells

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59
Q

What Ig are present in UPT?

A

IgA

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60
Q

Why might vaccinated in URT by better?

A

Cause a greater IgA response

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61
Q

What are the 2 routes of infection in the gastro-intestinal tract?

A

Oral infection
Hematogenic (blood) spread

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62
Q

What is the shorter incubation period?

A

Oral infection

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63
Q

What is the longer incubation period?

A

Hematogenic spread

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64
Q

How do oral infections transcytose?

A

M cells

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65
Q

Is intestine acidic or alkaline?

A

Alkaline

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66
Q

What are 2 rotavirus specific intestinal consequences of infection?

A

Intestinal hyper secretion (nsp4 protein)
Increased peristaltic

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67
Q

What are 2 examples of transmission through feces?

A

Rotavirus
Enteric coronavirus

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68
Q

How is Marek’s disease shed on skin?

A

Feather follicle “feather dust” (virus)

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69
Q

What are viruses spread through the blood?

A

Bovine leukemia virus
Feline leukemia virus
Feline immunodeficiency virus

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70
Q

What causes fetal abortion to be more common?

A

More common in species where pregnancy is sustained by fetal progesterone (sheep) rather than maternal progesterone

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71
Q

What two things does abortion depend on?

A

Viral virulence
Gestation age

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72
Q

Which fetus is the most mature, immunologically?

A

Ruminants

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73
Q

Describe latency of EHV-1

A

Latency > nasal shedding (pregnant mares can abort) > infection of young horses > new hosts into cycle > latency

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74
Q

What 3 ways can the CNS be infected?

A

Olfactory nerve
Neurons to spinal cord to brain
Hematogenic
—–Usually a dead end! (except rabies with saliva)

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75
Q

How strong is CNS immune system

A

Very poor (astrocytes are not that good)

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76
Q

What is the MHC class I expression on neurons?

A

There isnt one…

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77
Q

What are consequences of CNS infections?

A

Transient infection
Lethal infection of neurons
Non-inflammatory infection
Progressive demyelination

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78
Q

What type of genome does rabies have?

A

RNA

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79
Q

What are the 2 cycles of rabies?

A

Urban (domestic)
Sylvatic (wildlife)

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80
Q

Describe rabies transmission

A

bite
replicates in muscle
enters nerves through acetyl-choline receptors
migrates to spinal chord to brain
spread to eyes and salivary glands

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81
Q

Do rabies animals become aggressive or tame?

A

They can become either! (Wildlife are usually tame!!)

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82
Q

What is first phase of rabies?

A

Prodromal phase (fever, headache, etc)

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83
Q

What is second phase of rabies?

A

Hyper excitability
bite bite

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84
Q

What is third/end phase of rabies?

A

Paralytic

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85
Q

What is treatment of rabies?

A

Washing wounds
Injection of rabies IgG (passive)
Vaccination (active)

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86
Q

What are #1 and #2 cases of rabies in USA?

A

1) Raccoons
2) Skunk

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87
Q

What is an acute infection?

A

Infection increases to clinical signs then decreases without long term effects

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88
Q

What is an example of acute infection?

A

Influenza A

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89
Q

What is a recurrent infection?

A

Infection goes up and down with clinical signs (like a roller coaster)

90
Q

What is an example of recurrent infection?

A

BRSV

91
Q

What is a chronic infection?

A

Build up of viral production then at some point show clinical signs

92
Q

What is an example of chronic infection?

A

BVDV

93
Q

What is a slow infection?

A

Used in prions that grow on a log scale

94
Q

What is an example of slow infection?

A

Prions

95
Q

What is a latent infection?

A

Initial clinical signs then low virulence levels but persist, then it comes back later down the line

96
Q

What is an example of latent infection?

A

Herpesvirus

97
Q

What are the 3 persistent infections?

A

Chronic
Slow
Latent

98
Q

What are generalized infections?

A

Systemic infections
Infections of multiple organs, likely from more than one receptor

99
Q

Describe CDV (canine distemper virus)

A

Often subclinical
Fever
URI symptoms
Vomiting/diarrhea
CNS issues

100
Q

What can canine distemper infect?

A

Canids
Racoons
Mustelids
Big cats

101
Q

Where does primary viremia occur for CDV?

A

Primary lymphoid organs

102
Q

Where does secondary viremia occur for CDV?

A

CNS, epithelial, endothelium

103
Q

What receptor does CDV use to bind to epithelial cells on the way out?

A

Nectin4

104
Q

What are 4 severe clinical signs of CDV?

A

Primary pneumonia
Bacterial superinfections
Diarrhea
Bone remodeling and pitted enamel defects

105
Q

What are 2 forms of CDV persistence?

A

CNS - old dog encephalitis
Overgrowth of skin on digital pads (hard pad disease)

106
Q

What is incubation period of Newcastle disease?

A

2-15 days

107
Q

Is Newcastle disease zoonotic?

A

YES

108
Q

What are the 4 pathotypes of NDV?

A

Asymptomatic
Lentogenic
Mesogenic
Velogenic

109
Q

What is lentogenic form of NDV?

A

Mild form in intestine, occurs with vaccines

110
Q

What is mesogenic form of NDV?

A

intermediate form, respiratory and neurologic

111
Q

What is vesogenic form of NDV?

A

Most virulent, neurotropic, viscerotropic

112
Q

What are some clinical signs of NDV?

A

Drop in egg production
edema of head
greenish-dark diarrhea

113
Q

What are diagnosis procedure for NDV?

A

Virus isolation
Serology

114
Q

What are required actions with NDV?

A

Notification of authorities
Quarantine all suspect animals and premises

115
Q

What are the 3 main hosts of influenza A?

A

Birds, pigs, humans

116
Q

Where does influenza A normally originate?

A

Asia

117
Q

What are the 2 origins into canine influenza A?

A

Avain (swine and human too)
and horses

118
Q

Roughly how often does an influenza pandemic occur?

A

20-30 years

119
Q

What is the influenza receptor?

A

Sialic acids on glycoproteins

120
Q

What is the influenza receptor binding protein?

A

Hemagglutinin

121
Q

Describe virus structure of canine influenza A

A

Enveloped
Helical capsid
RNA

122
Q

What 2 things may cause a antigenic shift in CIV?

A

Hemagglutinin
Neuraminidase

123
Q

Describe BRSV

A

RNA
Enveloped
Helical

124
Q

What cattle get BRSV more commonly?

A

Adults

125
Q

How many cattle get BRSV in a herd?

A

100%

126
Q

What percent of cattle show clinic signs of BRSV?

A

20-50%

127
Q

What percent of cattle die from BRSV?

A

5%

128
Q

How is BRSV attached to mucous membranes?

A

Via F proteins on viral and host cell membranes

129
Q

What is a respiratory disease complex?

A

Multifactorial (more than one pathogen, host immune status, environmental factors)

130
Q

What animals do respiratory disease complexes occur in?

A

Cows, pigs, and dogs

131
Q

How long after a stressful event does bovine respiratory disease complex (enzootic calf pneumonia) occur?

A

5-14 days

132
Q

What pathogens (viral) are included in shipping fever?

A

BHV1
PI3
BRSV

133
Q

What pathogens (bacteria) are included in shipping fever?

A

pasteurella haemolytica
Mycoplasma
Haemophilus somnus

134
Q

What is vaccine protocol for shipping fever?

A

Vax 2-3 weeks prior to shipping, 24 hours after arrival

135
Q

What is canine respiratory disease complex called?

A

Kennel cough

136
Q

What viruses make up kennel cough?

A

PI5 then secondary bordetella bronchiseptica
Pneumococcal pneumonia

137
Q

How do oral infections trancytos into epithelium?

A

M cells

138
Q

What viruses are localized to the GI tract?

A

Coronaviruses
Rotaviruses
Turkey astro viruses

139
Q

What are coronaviruses called that?

A

Because it has a crown-like appearance

140
Q

Do corona viruses have DNA or RNA?

A

RNA

141
Q

What does the fact that corona virus is an RNA virus mean?

A

high frequency of mutations
high frequency of RNA recombinations

142
Q

What is the major cause of diarrhea in pigs?

A

TGE = Transmissible gastroenteritis of swine

143
Q

When is TGE usually seen?

A

At farrowing time

144
Q

**What is incubation period of swine?

A

1-3 days

145
Q

What is outcome of piglets under the age of 7?

A

Death via vomiting and profuse watery diarrhea

146
Q

Why are piglets more susceptible to TGE?

A

Gastric content is less acidic
Renewal of enterocytes is slow
Neonate immune system is immature
Neonates are susceptible to electrolyte imbalances

147
Q

Where did porcine respiratory coronavirus come from?

A

TGE variant

148
Q

What virus effects turkey astro virus?

A

Young animals (up to 3 weeks)

149
Q

How are rotaviruses transmitted?

A

Oral-fecal

150
Q

What has a faster incubation period, rota or corona?

A

Rotaviruses

151
Q

What is the mechanism of diarrhea for rotaviruses?

A

Enterocyte destruction causing malabsorption

Stimulation of enteric nervous system causing increased motility

Milk increases osmotic dysregulation (milk not broken down)

152
Q

What does parvo mean?

A

Small

153
Q

What 3 viruses are part of parvoviridae?

A

Feline panleukopenia virus
Canine parvovirus
Mink enteritis virus

154
Q

Where does parvo replicate?

A

Nucleus of actively dividing cells
>GI tract

155
Q

What is something that can be seen on CBC for feline panleukopenia virus?

A

Leukopenia

156
Q

What happens to a kitten if it is infected with feline panleukopenia in utero?

A

Cerebellar hypoplasia

157
Q

What type of vaccine can be given for feline panleukopenia virus?

A

Modified live

158
Q

What type of vaccine can be given for canine parvovirus 2?

A

Live-attenuated vaccine

159
Q

Where did canine parvovirus 2 originate?

A

Point mutation of capsid protein of feline panleukopenia virus

160
Q

What is chronic infection?

A

Virus is constantly replicating and often continuously shed

161
Q

What is latent infection?

A

Period of time during the course of infection in which the virus cannot be detected

162
Q

Are herpesvirus enveloped or non enveloped?

A

Enveloped

163
Q

Are herpesvirus RNA or DNA?

A

DNA

164
Q

Where are herpesvirus absorbed?

A

Mucous surface

165
Q

Where does the herpes go once it is infected?

A

Doral root ganglia

166
Q

When does the herpes virus come out of latency?

A

At immunosuppression

167
Q

What does gallid herpes 1 infect?

A

Chicken

168
Q

What is the incubation time for gallid herpes?

A

1 week! A lot different from Newcastle

169
Q

Whatre the symptoms of gallid herpes?

A

Coughing, sneezing, ocular and nasal discharge
“Pump handle respiration (neck and head extended)”
“Fowl diphtheria (membrane formation at the tracheal bifurcation”

170
Q

What type of vaccine is there for gallid herpes?

A

Live-attentuated and vector vaccines

171
Q

Describe BVDV virus

A

Flaviviridae
RNA genome
Enveloped

172
Q

What is primary replication area of BVDV?

A

Tonsilles

173
Q

What is hemorrhagic syndrome?

A

Bleeding from mucosal surface

174
Q

What happens if a BVD cow infects a cow within 90 days?

A

Likely embryonic deaths

175
Q

What happens if a BVD cow is infected in late pregnancy?

A

Full-term calf with BVD antibodies

176
Q

What happens if a BVD cow is infected mid pregnancy?

A

PI calf or birth defects

177
Q

What is a common birth defect of BVD cows?

A

Torticollis
Cow with head tilted up

178
Q

Does a PI calf have antibodies to BVD?

A

No

179
Q

When does a cow get infected for a PI calf?

A

40-125 days

180
Q

What physical signs may a PI cow show?

A

smaller

181
Q

What happens if a cow with noncytopathic BVD gets cytopathic BVD? What is this called?

A

It dies, like DEAD

Mucosal disease

182
Q

How to detect PI cows?

A

Antigen ELISA, PCR

183
Q

What is feline coronavirus called?

A

FeCV

184
Q

What do mutations of FeCV lead to?

A

FIP
FIP is not contagious then!

185
Q

What does wet FIP have?

A

Ascites

186
Q

What does dry FIP have?

A

No ascites

187
Q

What is pathogenesis of FeCV?

A

Shedding of virus from queen
Persistent virus infection occurs
Mutation leads to FIP

188
Q

How is FeCV passed along?

A

Saliva anf feces

189
Q

Describe retroviruses

A

Enveloped, RNA (2 copies/virion)

190
Q

How is retrovirus turned into DNA?

A

Using a reverse transcriptase (only time where DNA is made form RNA)

191
Q

How is the DNA copy integrated into cellular genome?

A

Using integrase

192
Q

Can FeLV be latent?

A

Yes, healthy carriers without infiltration of bone marrow

193
Q

What is progressive infection of FeLV

A

Persistent infection of bone marrow, immunosuppression

194
Q

What is similar to FeLV?

A

FIV

195
Q

What are lentiviruses of sheep and goats?

A

Ovine lentivirus (OvLV)
Caprine arthritic encephalitis (CAE)

196
Q

What does Ovine lentivirus effect?

A

Lungs (pneumonia)

197
Q

How is EIAV transmitted?

A

Flies and iatrogenic

198
Q

Is EIAV chronic?

A

Yes

199
Q

What happens to blood in EIAV?

A

Anemia and petechial hemorrhage

200
Q

What are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies?

A

Progressive, fatal, neurodegenerative diseases

201
Q

What causes TSEs?

A

Prions

202
Q

What are prions?

A

Abnormal, pathogenic, transmissible proteinaceous agent

203
Q

How do prions work?

A

Encoded by the host and then expressed on cell membrane

204
Q

What is life cycle of a prion?

A

Protein interacts with prion, prion converts protein into prion, prion heads back to convert more proteins to prions

205
Q

What is an amyloid plaque?

A

Aggregation of prions

206
Q

What is prion disease in sheep?

A

Scrapie

207
Q

How to test for scrapie?

A

3rd eyelid biospie

208
Q

What is a large symptom of scrapie?

A

Itching

209
Q

What is prion disease in deer?

A

Chronic wasting disease (polydipsia/polyuria)

210
Q

What is prion disease in cattle?

A

BSE

211
Q

How did cows first get BSE?

A

Bone meal from scrapie sheep cadavers due to reduction in autoclaving temperature

212
Q

What percent of emerging pathogens are zoonotic?

A

75%

213
Q

What are the 4 important hosts for zoonotic viruses?

A

Primates, rodents, bats, birds

214
Q

What is PRRS

A

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome

215
Q

Describe PRRS virus

A

Arteriviridae, RNA virus

216
Q

What are clinical symptoms of PRRS?

A

Reproductive failure
Post-weaning respiratory disease (fever, respiratory signs)

217
Q

Describe West Nile Virus

A

Flavivirus, RNA, enveloped
Transmitted via mosquitos

218
Q

What is post weaning multi systemic wasting syndrome in swine?

A

Circovirus type 2
Weaning 4-16 weeks
High fever

219
Q

Describe foot and mouth disease virus

A

Non enveloped, RNA

220
Q

When does virus excretion start for foot and mouth/

A

24 hours prior to clinical signs

221
Q

What are clinical signs of foot and mouth disease

A

Smacking of lips, grinding, drooling, lameness, stamping

222
Q

What are preventions of mosquito bites?

A

Repellents
Netting
mosquito control

Diseases and Diagnosis (23 decks)

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