Block 4 Flashcards
What is the primary agent of large animal pyelonephritis??
Corynebacterium renale
Which kidney is more likely to get pyelonephritis?
Left
Is pyelonephritis a primary tubulointerstitial disease?
YES
What is found in urinalysis of large animal pyelonephritis?
Isosthenuria
Blood, protein, and leukocytes
What is the definitive diagnostic for pyelonephritis?
Urinalysis
What is most common stone in dogs?
Struvite
What is most common stone in cats?
Calcium oxylate
What stone is associated with UTI in dogs?
Struvite
What stone is associated with high Mg and high K in cats?
Struvite
What is the most common stone in cat’s bladder?
Struvite
What stone is predisposed to intact dogs?
Cystine
What are the 2 categories of mictoration disorders?
Disorders of voiding
Disorders of storage
What are the top 4 disorders of urine storage?
Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence
Ectopic bladders
Overactive bladder
Idiopathic incontinence
What is the primary breed of urinary incontinence?
Boxer
What should you advise the client about spaying their dog in terms of urinary incontinence?
Should wait longer in larger dogs and wait until after first heat but before the 2nd heat!
What hormone leads to low urethral muscle tone?
Estrogen
What is a common breed for ectopic ureters?
Golden retriever
What are the 4 disorders of voiding?
Reflex Dyssyngeria
Bladder atony
Automatic bladder (UMN)
Autonomous bladder (LMN)
What is functional outflow obstruction? (FOO)
Poor relaxation of the detrusor muscle disallowing urine outflow (likely a neurological cause)
What is the true diagnosis of FOO?
Large amounts of residue urine (more common in male dogs)
When the dog stops urinating is the bladder still large?
What increases earlier that creatinine?
SDMA
How is uremia different from azotemia?
Azotemia is an increase in BUN or creatinine but uremia is just a general decrease in kidney function
What is first sign of CKD in cats?
Decrease in USG
What is first sign of CKD in dogs?
Proteinurea
What is the normal USG for cats?
> 1.040
What is something a lot of old cats with UTIs have?
CKD
What level phosphorus is CKD cats supposed to have compared with acute kidney cats?
CKD = low K
Acute = high K
What do you need to do before IRIS staging a patient?
Fast them
What is stage 1 of IRIS staging a cat? dog?
Creatinine
Cat - <1.6
Dog - < 1.4
What is stage 2 of IRIS staging a cat? Dog?
Cat - 1.6 - 2.8
Dog - 1.4 - 2.8
What is stage III of IRIS staging?
2.9-5.0
What is stage 4 of IRIS staging/
> 5.0
What is normotensive?
<150 systolic
<95 diastolic
What is borderline hypertensive?
150-159 systolic
95-99 diastolic
What is hypertensive?
160-179
100-119
What is severe hypertensive?
> 180
<120
What is non proteinuric in a cat? Dog?
Cat - <0.2
Dog - <0.2
What is borderline proteinuric in a cat? Dog?
Cat - 0.2-0.4
Dog - 0.2-0.5
What is proteinuric in cat? Dog?
Cat - >0.4
Dog - >0.5
What type of disease is CKD in a cat?
Tubulointerstial disease
What type of disease is CKD in a dog?
Proteinuric glomerular disease
What are 2 blood pressure things that cats get with CKD?
Hypertension
Retinal damage
Do dogs get hyper or hypo kalemia with CKD?
Hyperkalemia (opposite of cats)
CATS DONT WANT TO EAT WITH CKD
What is the primary reason for euthanasia of CKD cats?
Unwillingness to eat
When normal phosphorus management is disrupted, what is secreted?
PTH
How do you manage hyperphosphatemia in CKD cats?
Low phosphorus diet
Do CKD cats poop more or less?
Less
Hyperphosphatemia and hypokalemia in cats with CKD!!!
If you see a cat with retinal lesions, what should you think?
CKD!
What type of anemia is seen in cats with CKD?
Non-regenerative
What happens to the size and weight of FIC cats’ adrenal glands ?
Decreased
What is the GAG layer of the bladder?
Layer closed to lumen
What is pathophysiology of FIC?
C fibers activate SP which activate mast cells
Does FIC increase risk of crystalluria?
NO
What is most common clinical sign of FIC?
Peeing outside of the box (periuria)
What is a predisposing factor for FIC?
Overweight
Do male cats with obstruction history get FIC?
Yes, more often!!
What are 3 most common urinary issues with cats?
UTI
Urolithiasis
FIC
What is most common underlying cause in dogs of urinary issues?
Urinary calculus
What is most common underlying issue in cats of urinary issues?
FIC
What causes FIC the most in cats?
Urethral plugs
What does hyperkalemia during a blockage cause?
Bradycardia
What is a unique aspect of a feline PE for blockage?
Hypothermia
Will cats have a decreased or increased heart beats with urethral obstruction?
Decreased
What 2 things are very indicative of urinary obstruction (hyp erkalemia)?
Hypothermia
Bradycardia
What is the most common organ that causes uroabdomen?
Bladder
What develops in the peritoneum due to a bladder rupture?
Peritonitis
UO and uroabdomen are roughly the same
What should be seen in abdomenocentisis in uroabdomen?
Creatinine 2x that of blood
At what percent loss do we start to see an increase in phosphorus?
80%
What will the urine specific gravity be if the disease is pre-renal?
High
What will the urine specific gravity be if the disease is renal?
Low
What does high BUN compared to creatinine mean?
Dehydration or fluid loss
What does high creatinine compared to BUN mean?
Liver disease, muscle injury, well-muscled animal, low protein diet
What is isosthenuria?
1.007-1.015
What is a primary cause of polyurea?
Primary diabetes insipidus
What is secondary polyurea?
Can release ADH but can’t react to it
What are some common causes of secondary polyurea?
Diabetes mellitus
Cushing
Addisons
Chronic/acute renal disease
Liver disease
What is the top reason for PU/PD in dogs? Cat?s
Both renal disease
What is the #2 cause of PU/PD in dogs? Cat?
Dog - diabete mellitus
Cat - hyperthyroidism
What test is run last and differentiates between diabetes insipidus and psychogenic polydipsia?
Water Deprivation test (ddavp)
What do you put IV for an excretory urogram?
Iodinated solution NEVER BARIUM IV!!
What can you see on an excretory urogram that is unique?
Ureters
Is azotemia a contraindication for excretory urogram?
NO!
Dehydration is so rehydrate first!
What is seen on excretory urogram at about 5 minutes at the entry to the bladder?
J hook
What is in a positive contrast?
Iodinated
What is in a negative contrast?
CO2 or NO
What are indications for EU
See ureters
Better evaluate kidneys
What are indications for a contrast cystography?
Masses
Bladder tears
Calculus
Location of bladder
What are indications of contrast urethrogram?
Abnormal urination
Hematuira
Pelvic fractures
How is excretory urogram performed?
IV bolus of iodine
What are the red streaks in a kidney indicative of?
Acute pyelonephritis
What does chronic pyelonephritis look like?
Fibrotic lesions within the cortex and medulla
What is the most common bacteria of pyelonephritis
E. coli
What species most commonly gets ectopic ureters? What are they?
Dogs
Ureters that attach more caudal than the trigone
What species most commonly has a patent urachus?
Foals
What species causes canthardin toxicity?
Blister beetle
What is the most common tumor of the bladder tumors in dogs and cats?
Urethral cell carcinoma
What breed most commonly gets urothelial cell carcinomas?
Scottish terriers
Why type of infection (viral, fungal, bacterial) is most common for UTIs?
Bacterial
What does pollakuria mean?
Inflamed bladder
Does WBC in urine indicate a UTI?
NO! Just inflammation
Can you treat a dog with suspected UTI with antibiotics? Cats?
Dogs - Yes
Cats - NO!
Where should you get the urine for a culture?
Cysto
What is a complicated UTI?
Recurrent
What is a relapsing UTI infection?
Infection that is same bacterial infection, previous infection was not cleared
What is a reinfection UTI?
Infection that has a different bacteria
What will a patient normally have if they have a fungal UTI?
Diabetes
What changes in the mare 24-48hr prior to foaling?
Ca and K increase
Na decrease
PH decreases <7
What should the specific gravity of colostrum be above?
1.06
What level should serum antibodies be for a foal at 12 hr ?
> 800
What is the most common tumor in intact female dogs?
Mammary gland neoplasia
What are the 3 risk factors for mammary gland neoplasia?
Hormones (spay)
Diet (red meat)
Obesity (adipose tissue is source of estrogen)
What are benign neoplasms of the dog mammary gland called?
Mammary adenomas
Mixed mammary tumors
What are the malignant canine neoplasms of the dog?
Adenocarcinomas
What breed type most commonly gets mammary gland neoplasias?
Small dogs
What is the breakdown of malignant/benign in canine neoplasia?
50% benign 50% malignant
What percentage of feline mammary gland neoplasias are malignant?
Over 80%
What percent of female intact rats will get mammary neoplasia?
30-90%
Only 20% malignant
What are the 2 smooth muscle neoplasms of the uterus?
Leiomyomas (benign)
Leiomyosarcomas (malignant)
What is the most common neoplasms coming from the female reproductive tract?
Leiomyeloma
What is the most common uterine neoplasm in the cow?
Lymphosarcoma
What neoplasm is associated with bovine leukemia virus?
Lymphosarcoma
What is the most common malignancy in teh rabbit?
Adenocarcinoma (60-80% of intact rabbits, wow)
Where does the uterine adenocarcinoma arise from?
Endometrium
What is endometriosis?
Endometrial tissue outside of the uterus
How Is vaginal polyp appear different from vaginal leiomyoma?
Poly is on top of the skin while leiomyomas are underneath of the dermal layer
What percent of intact female dogs will get pyometra by 10
25%
What is the poster child breed for pyometras?
Bernese mountain dog (older larger dogs)
What increases the risk of pyometras?
Higher risk if never pregnant
What is cystic endometrial hyperplasia?
Cystic thickening of the endometrium
Intact females develop over time
Comes from prolonged/repeat exposure to estrogens and progesterone
Not all dogs with cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) will get pyometras
What is the process of pyometras?
Cervix opens > Bacterial colonization > Bacteria trapped (maybe in CEH cysts) > cervix closes > bacteria proliferates
What is an “open” pyo?
Cervix is open
Why do dogs with a pyo sometimes have Pu/PD?
Endotoxemia on kidney
What can you not differentiate between on a pyometra radiograph?
Early pregnancy
What increases risk for retained fetal membranes?
Abnormal deliveries
Infectious disease
Twine
Induced partition
When is a bovine considered to have RFM?
Over 8 hours
When is a mare considered to have RFM>
3 hours
When will clinical signs show up for equine RFM?
8 hours
What are some clinical signs of equine RFM?
Colic
Digital pulse
Treatment is emergency
At what time is RFM considered in dogs?
24hrs
What type of dog shows the most RFM?
Toy breeds
When is RFM more common in sheep and goats?
With brucellosis infections
What are 2 normal causes of vaginal discharge?
Estrus (heat)
Lochia
What are 3 pathological conditions for vaginal discharge?
Vaginitis
Metritis
Pyometra
What is puppy vaginitis?
8 weeks to 1 year
Idiopathic etiology caused by non-infectious cause
What are 3 causes for adult onset vaginitis?
Infectious
Urine pooling
UTI
How does freemartism happen?
Mixing of male blood with female blood during sexual differentiation
What percent of freemartins are sterile?
90%
What about the vulva is indicative of a freemartin?
A tuft of hair
What does intersex mean?
Disorders of sexual development
What is a male calico?
Intersex: XXY
What is a pseudohermaphrodite?
Genetics do not match the phenotype
Wha this a male pseudohemaphrodite?
XY, testicles, female phenotype
What is a true hermaphrodite?
Having both sets of gonads
What is hypospadias?
Failure of closure of the urinary tract with abdominal opening
What is polled-intersex syndrome?
How do you avoid it?
Goats may initially appear female but begin acting like a buck at puberty; have testicles but may lactate
Avoid by only breeding to bucks with horns
What is fetal virilization?
Occurs when females are given androgens during pregnancy. Puppies have male external genitalia.
Avoid progesterone supplementations after 45 days of gestation.
What is most common disorder of sexual development in dogs?
Male pseudohermaphroditism
What is embryonic death?
Death of the fertilized ova or early embryo
What is fetal death?
Abortion, stillbirth, mummification, maceration, etc
What is stillbirth?
Death of the fetus after 20th week
Delivery of a fully formed dead neonate
What is abortion?
Expulsion of the products of conception from the uterus before the fetus is viable
What is mummification?
Desiccation of a dead fetus in utero
Bacterial infection cannot be present
Intact corpus luteum must be present
What is maceration?
Fetal death in presence of in utero bacterial infection and inflammation
What is the top reason for abortion?
Infectious (90%)
What needs to be inspected on an abortion case?
Placenta
Fetus
Dam
Other animals
What part of the uterine swab is important
It’s from the caruncles
What should be sent out for culture on the fetus?
Placenta, STOMACH CONTENTS, lung, kidney, liver, thoracic fluid
What is hydroamnios and hydroallantois (hydrops)?
Excessive fluid accumulation
What is more common, hydroamnios or hydroallantois?
Hydroallantois
Accumulation in allantoic sac
What causes hydroamnios
Fetal swallowing so due to malformation of the fetus
Is brucella species specific?
YES
How is brucillosis transmitted?
Contact with vaginal discharges and infected products
What is pathogenesis of brucellosis?
Results if innate or adaptive cannot clear infection through macrophages (collects in reproductive organs)
What are clinical signs of brucellosis?
Late term abortions or abortion storms
What is seen on placenta of brucellosis cases?
Yellow edema
What are 2 tests for brucellosis?
Milk ring test
Brucellosis card test
How do you test a canine for brucellosis?
Rapid slide agglutination (RSAT)
If positive, use modified rapid slide agglutination (ME-RSAT)
Is there a vaccination for canine brucellosis?
NO!
What does it mean if the animal has metritis and mastitis at the same time?
Likely systemic infection = bad
What is the name for a mammary gland that is not flowing?
Engorgement or galactostasis
How do you diagnose mastitis?
Milk cytology (lots of neutrophils)
Who is affected by mammary hypertrophy/hyperplasia?
Queens
What causes mammary hyperplasia?
Progesterone
Is mammary hyperplasia mastitis?
NO!
But can progress to mammary neoplasia
Are uterine prolapses hereditary?
NO (others are tho)
Why might a uterine prolapse occur?
Hypocalcemia - decreased uterine tone
Is a uterine prolapse an emergency?
Yes!
In treatment, what must be removed prior to partition of a prolapsed cow?
Bruner stitch
What is a first, second, third, and fourth degree prolapse?
First - only when lying down
Second - vaginal floor protrudes all the time
Third - cervix and vagina out
Fourth - all of th above plus necrosis
What is tumor is derived from granulosa cell of the follicle?
Granulosa theca cell tumor
What do granulosa theca cell tumors look like upon ultrasound in a mare?
Honeycomb-like
What is most common ovarian cancer in horses?
Granulosa-theca cell tumor
What are clinical signs of a mare with granulosa theca cell tumor?
Stallion-like behavior and aggression, prolonged heat cycles
**What hormones are drastically elevated with granulosa theca cell tumor?
Anti mullarian hormon and inhibin
What neoplasm arises from germ cells that give rise to oocytes?
Teratomas
What do teratomas differentiate from?
2 of the 3
Mesodermal, ectoderm, or endoderm
What do cystadenomas and adenocarcinomas come from?
Epithelium over teh surface of the ovary
What are 2 non-neoplastic ovarian disorders?
Enlarged ovaries
Small ovaries
What are the 3 reasons for enlarged ovaries?
Cystic ovaries
Ovarian hematoma
Pregnancy/transition
What are the 3 reasons for small ovaries?
Age-related
Exogenous hormones
Chromosomal abnormalities
What causes ovarian cysts?
Follicle fails to ovulate/persistent anovulatory follicles (PAF)
What causes an ovarian hematoma?
Excessive hemorrhage into a follicular lumen following ovulation
What does diestrous ovulation cause?
After ovulation, the CL is refractory to PGF-2alpha for 5 days and the mare remains in diestrus for 60 days
What is endometriosis?
Inflammation/infection of the lining of the uterus (prepartum)
What is metritis?
Inflammation/infection of ALL layers of the uterus (postpartum)
What is pyometra?
Pus-filled uterus. Typically during diestrus in non-pregnant animal
What is the bacteria that likely causes toxic metritis?
Trueperella pyogenes
Cause smell: fusobacterium, bacteriodes
What is SIPS
Subinvolution of placental sites
What does SIPS cause?
Persistent vulvar discharge in postpartum bitch beyond 6-12 weeks (not metritis)
Bitch and puppies are normal
What is balanitis?
Inflammation fo the head of the penis
What is posthitis?
Inflammation of the prepuce
What is balanoposthitis?
Inflammation of both the head and prepuce
What is phalitis
Inflammation of the whole penis
What is phimosis?
Inability to extrude the penis
What is paraphimosis?
Inability to retract the penis into teh prepuce
What is the condition where the urethra opens on teh ventral surface of the penis?
Hypospadia
What are 3 diseases that affect the penis?
Equine herpesvirus 3
Bovine herpesvirus 1
Corynebacterium renale
What is the goal of a renal biopsy?
To obtain glomeruli for histopath
What are 4 times to do renal biopsy?
Nephrotic syndrome
Neoplasia
Renal cortical disease
Acute/progressive renal disease
What is the blind renal biopsy?
Percutaneous biopsy
What 2 renal biopsy methods can be performed under heavy sedation?
US guided
Percutaneous
If it is a follicular ovarian cyst, how do you induce ovulation?
GnRH
If it is a literal cyst, what do you want to give?
Luteolyse
What do follicular cysts secrete?
Estradiol
What do literal cysts secrete?
Progesterone
Can you palpate difference between follicular and literal cysts?
NO
Will luteal or follicular cysts be thicker upon US?
Luteal
What is the most common cause of urinary tract disease in small ruminants?
Urolithiasis
What type of diet increases risk of urolith formation?
High phosphorus (grain) diet
High calcium (alfalfa) diet
What is a predisposing factor associated with castration time?
Longer you wait to castrate increases the urethra size so don’t castrate too soon
What is a predisposed breed for Urolithiasis?
African decent
What in the grain causes the goat to form stones more often?
High grain will cause goat to excrete less phosphorus through the saliva, increasing the urinary excretion
What is a predisposing factor for pigs to get Urolithiasis?
Blind pouch
Where in a ruminant is a stone most likely to form?
The distal sigmoid flexure (tight turn w/ decreased diameter)
What diet are Struvite most likely to form?
Diet high in P, low in Ca (low Ca:P)
Alkaline urine
Radiolucent
What diet causes calcium carbonate stones in small ruminants?
High calcium (alfalfa, clover)
Radiopaque
How do you identify stones?
Send to Minnesota Urolith Center
What are 3 sequela to urethral obstruction?
Bladder rupture
Urethral rupture
Hydronephorsis
How do you diagnose a bladder rupture via abdominocentesis?
Creatinine level is >2:1
What are you likely to see in the blood of a blocked goat?
Azotemia
Low Ca
Low Na
High K
Wrap up: In ruminants and calcium, what are the dietary imbalances that cause stones?
High concentrate (grain), low roughage with imbalanced Ca:P, high magnesium
What are the 3 Ps of birth?
Presentation, Position, Posture
What is the long axis of the fetus to long axis of dam called? What are the subdivisions of this?
Longitudinal
Cranial or caudal
What is the long axis of the fetus to short axis of the dam called?
What are the subdivisions of this?
Transverse
Ventral or dorsal
What is the position called with the spine of the fetus to the sacrum of the dam?
Dorsal-sacral
What is the position of the fetus with the spine of the fetus to the pelvis of the dam?
Dorsal-pubic
What is it called when the fetus is either on the right or left side of the iliac?
Dorsal-ilial
What are the options for the posture?
Head/Neck/limbs = flexed/extended
Can you use J lube in obstetrics?
NO!
What are the rules of obstetrics?
Be clean
Be gentle
Use lots of lube
At what time point is labor an emergency for mares?
30 minutes
At what point is labor an emergency for ruminants?
3-6 hours
At what point is labor an emergency for dogs?
1-2 hours
What is the time frame to resorting to C section?
10-15 minutes
In which direction do the front limbs bend?
First two joints bend in same direction
In which direction do the first 2 hind limbs bend?
Opposite directions
What accessory sex gland does the canine have?
ONLY prostate
What is the most prostatic disease in dogs?
BPH - benign prostatic hyperplasia
What are clinical signs of benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Ribbon-like stool, hematuria, hemospermia
What disease usually occurs secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Prostatitis
Who gets prostatitis the most?
Common in dogs older than 9 years
What might you think if you have a dog presented for recurrent UTI?
Chronic prostatitis
(Painful on palpation)
What are the 2 types of prostatitis?
Acute and chronic
What is the diagnostic for prostatitis?
Culture of prostatic fluid. Neutrophils in sperm
What type of cancer is prostatic neoplasia?
Adenocarcinoma
What is the normal amount of weight gain for a neonate?
5-10%/day
When should you stop feeding puppies?
If temp is below 94
Are sick neonates an emergency?
YES
What are the 4 “H’s” of a sick neonate?
Hypothermia
Hypovolemia
Hypoxia
Hypoglycemia
Fading Puppy Syndrome - Part of the 4 “H’s”
How do you identify hydration status on puppies/
NOT skin tent!
MM and Urine specific gravity
When is gut closure post whelp?
12-16hrs
What is the #2 cause of neonatal mortality?
Sepsis (don’t expose pups to other dogs until 3 weeks)
What is a common blood disease that happens with kittens?
Neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI)
What is the pathophysiology of NI?
“A” blood type kittens born to “B” mother
Hemolytic anemia within hours
What to do if your kittens have neonatal isoerythrolyis?
STOP nursing
What usually causes twin pregnancies?
2 ovulations
Why must a twin pregnancy be addressed soon?
Could result in abortion of both fetuses
When will spontaneous twin reduction most likely occur?
Embryos fixed in same horn
Embryos of unequal sizes
How do you manage twines?
Earlier the better
Detection before D16
Manual crushing
When should you no longer try to crush other twin?
D35 becomes too hard (puncture, cervical dislocation, PGF, fetal extraction)
What are clinical presentations of placentitis?
Premature udder development
Colicky
Abdominal enlargement
What does CTUP stand for?
Combined thickening of uterus and placenta
What happens to electrolyte concentrations 48 hours before birth?
Potassium becomes higher than sodium
Is canine herpesvirus-1 extremely temperature sensitive?
YES
Where does canine herpesvirus best replicate?
Cooler respiratory tract and genital epithelial tissues
Why does canine herpesvirus 1 like neonates so much?
Low and poorly regulated body temperature
How are naïve adult animals infected?
Horizontally
What are clinical signs in adult infected with canine herpesvirus?
Penile or vaginal ulceration
What 2 ways do puppies get canine herpesvirus 1?
In utero (transplacental) (weak puppies that die quickly)
Oronasal before 1 week old
Where does canine herpes virus localize? And what does it look like
Adrenal glands, kidneys, lungs, spleen, and liver
Multifocal hemorrhage and necrosis (kidney very common)
What is orchitis?
Inflammation of the testicle
What are 2 causes of orchitis?
Brucella abortus
Canine orchitis
What is periorchitis?
Inflammation in the vaginal cavity
What is hematocele?
Blood in the vaginal cavity
What is hydrocele?
Low or high protein fluid in the vaginal cavity
What is epididymitis?
Inflammation of the epididymis
Is epididymitis commonly caused by ascending or descending infection?
Ascending (E Coli)
What is priapism?
Persistent erection
What is paraphimosis?
Cannot retract penis
Is priapism an emergency?
YES!
When is testicular descent in bulls and rams?
2nd trimester
When is testicular descent for boars and humans?
3rd trimester
When is testicular descent for colts?
Either third trimester or after partition
When is testicular descent in dogs and cats?
After partiution
What helps pull the testicle down through the inguinal ring during descent?
Gubernaculum
What is a reason for testicular hypoplasia?
Crypt
Intersex conditions
What hormone will be high in crypt patients?
Anti Mullerian hormone (AMH)
What is the most common reproductive disease in male cats?
Cryptorchidism
What sex glands do felines have?
Prostate and bulbourethral
Which species have all accessory sex glands?
Equine and ruminants
What does the swine lack in terms of accessory sex glands?
Ampulla
What is vesicular adenitis?
Inflammation of the vesicular glands
What causes vesicular adenitis?
Bacterial infection
When are cases of vesicular adenitis usually found?
During routine BSEs
What is a common disease of the stallion related to the ampulla?
Obstructed ampulla
What causes obstructed ampulla?
Spermatozoa that blocks the ampulla
What is a bacteria that also may cause prostatitis?
Brucella Canis
Is benign prostatic hyperplasia androgen-dependent growth?
YES!
What portion of the ejaculate comes from the prostate?
1st and 3rd
What are the 3 primary neoplasias of the testicle?
Interstitial (leydig) cell tumors
Seminoma
Sustentacular (sertoli) cell tumor
What are seminomas mostly reported in?
Dogs
What are seminomas derived from?
Germ cells of the testis
What do the tumors of seminomas arise from?
Spermatogonia
What is the appearance of a seminoma?
White spots
What is the appearance of a leydig cell tumor?
Yellow and spherical
What species is the Sustentacular cell tumors most common in?
Dogs
What is the most common tumor in crypt dogs?
Sustentacular cell tumors (sertoli)
What is a neoplasia of the bull penis?
Transmissible fibropapilloma
What does transmissible fibropapilloma masses come from?
Bovine papillomavirus
What is preputial avulsion?
Separation of the penis from the prepuce
What breeds are preputial prolapse and laceration most common in?
Bos indicus and polled Bos taurus
What causes preputial prolapse in Bos indicus?
Poor preputial conformation (elongated prepuce and pendulous prepuce)
What causes preputial prolapse in Bos Taurus breeds?
Lack of cranial preputial muscle
What is likely the cause of penile hematoma?
Male misses while breeding
What ruptures in a penile hematoma?
Tunica albuginea ruptures
