Block 6 Week 1 Flashcards
When do the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd molars erupt in a horse?
2.5
3.5
4.5
When are the newly erupted teeth “in wear”?
6 months
What is the number of the canine in the triadian system?
04
What sex usually has canines?
Males
What is the number of the wolf tooth?
05
What may happen where a wolf tooth NEEDs to be extract?
Blind wold tooth
When do foals deciduous teeth firth errupt?
01 = 6d
02 = 6w
03 = 6m
What equine teeth have caps?
06, 07, 08
What is the last tooth to errupt?
08
How many teeth are a foal born with?
12 (4 arcades with 3 premolars each)
What type of feed will develop larger points?
Hay (vs pellets)
Why does hay develop larger points?
Larger role powerstroke required
What is the toxicity/bacteria from clover called?
Slobbers
What is dropping of feed called?
Quidding
What is the most common clinical sign in dental-related sinus (sinusitis) disease?
Unilateral nasal discharge
What is the most common tooth for infection?
09
What is the hardest part of the tooth?
Enamel (96% mineralized)
What is the tooth made of from the outside in?
Cementum > Enamel > Dentin
What does floating do?
Removes sharp enamel points
What are cheek teeth enamel overgrowths?
Points
Where are hooks most common?
Maxillary 2nd premolar (106 and 206)
Where are ramps most common?
Mandibular 3rd molar (311 and 411)
What is a step?
Excessive crown often due to opposing missing tooth
What is the equivalent of a cavity in a horse?
Infundibular caries
What tooth is most affected by dental diseases?
09 tooth
What is the definition of an infundibular caries?
Progressive acidic demineralization secondary to bacterial fermentation
What does EOTRH stand for?
Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis
What is EOTRH?
Tooth resorption and destruction in addition to cemental deposition.
Mainly proliferative (hypercementosis)
What is the pathophysiology of EOTRH?
Aged mouth has less periodontal ligament but exposed to same masticatory force. Continued stress causes micronecrosis and release of cytokines leading to recruitment of clastic cells
What is the mean age of diagnosis?
24
What is deglutination?
Act of swallowing
What are the 3 steps to deglutination?
Oropharyngeal phase
Esophageal phase
Gastroesophageal phase
What are the 3 steps to the oropharyngeal phase?
Oral
Pharyngeal
Cricopharyngeal (UES relaxation)
What are clinical signs associated with swallowing disorders?
Dysphagia
Regurgitation
Hypersalivation
Exaggerated swallowing
What is esophagitis?
Inflammation disorder of esophageal mucosa
What are 3 exogenous causes of esophagitis?
Caustic agents / chemicals
Foreign bodies
Drugs (pill-induced)
What is an endogenous cause of esophagitis?
Gastric reflux
Theres no protection from stomach acid above the LES
What is a very common predisposing cause of reflux esophagitis?
General anesthesia
What is a very common drug to cause esophagitis via pill-induced esophagitis?
Doxycycline
What causes the prognosis of esophagitis to decreases significantly?
Healing with stricture
What is the gold standard to diagnose esophagitis?
Endoscope
What are the most common sites for esophageal FBs?
UES
Thoracic inlet
Heart base
LES
Need to refer an esophageal FB is you dont have an endoscope ASAP
What is most common cause of an esophageal stricture in a cat?
Doxycycline/clindamycin tablets in CATS
List 2 other causes of esophageal strictures
Gastroesophageal reflux during anesthesia
Secondary to foreign body
What are 2 diagnostics for esophageal stricture?
Barium swallow study
Endoscopy
What is a congenital malformation of great vessels and branches that entraps the intrathoracic esophagus?
Persistent right aortic arch (PRAA)
Esophagus runs right under the aortic arch so if there is a ligamentum arteriosum, it will squeeze the esophagus
What is clinical sign of PRAA?
Regurgitation of solid food at weaning (young)
What is the most common type of megaesophagus?
Idiopathic
(Congenital or acquired)
What is the second most common type of megaesophagus?
Myasthenia gravis
What is a large risk associated with megaesophagus?
Regurgitation resulting in recurrent aspiration pneumonia
Should you do a barium swallow study for megaesophagus?
NO!! RISK OF ASPIRATION
What is a diagnostic test for myasthenia gravis related megaesophagus?
AchR antibody titer test
What is the vomiting center only found in cats?
Vestibular center
What are the 2 vomiting centers in dogs and cats?
Abdominal viscera
Chemoreceptor trigger zone
What vomiting zone does hydrogen peroxide work on?
Abdominal viscera
What vomiting center does apomorphine work on?
Chemoreceptor trigger zone (delta 2)
What vomiting center does xylazine work on?
Chemoreceptor trigger zone (alpha 2)
What is closed during vomiting to inhibit aspiration?
Glottis and nasopharynx
What does it mean if vomiting undigested food >10hrs post consumption?
Delayed gastric emptying
What does it mean if it is projectile vomiting?
Gastric or upper small bowel obstruction
Will a dog reingest vomitus?
NO
What is seen normally in primary GI diseases?
Vomiting AND diarrhea
What is seen in normally in extra-GI diseases?
Vomiting
What are some common extra-GI diseases that may cause V+?
Acute/chronic pancreatitis
Acute/chronic Liver disease
acute/chronic kidney disease
Hypoadrenocorticism
Sepsis
***What are extra GI-diseases that chronically may affect cats?
Hyperthyroidism
Heartworm disease
What are chronic reasons for primary V+ (+/- D) in dogs
IBD
Neoplasia
Infection
GI ulcer
What vomiting center do primary GI diseases target?
Gut afferents
What vomiting center do secondary GI diseases target?
chemoreceptor trigger zone
What do you do first to characterize vomiting?
ALWAYS rule out extra-GI causes first
How do you rule out extra-GI causes?
Minimum database
T4, HW
How do you get metabolic acidosis from vomiting?
Animals will vomit up more base (duodenal) than acid resulting in a metabolic acidosis (Duodenal vomiting)
What color is duodenal vomiting?
Brown
How do you get a metabolic alkalosis from vomiting?
Stomach acid is lost primarily by a pyloric obstruction (foreign bodies) causes body to be left with a metabolic alkalosis (Gastric vomiting)
Vomiting and/or diarrhea can be attributed to either a primary GI or extra-GI cause
EXTRA GI = Liver, pancreatitis, kidney failure, hypoadrenocorticism
FOR CATS ADD HYPERTHROIDISM AND HEARTWORM DISEASES
What is the most important Primary GI diagnosis to rule out?
Obstruction
Parvo
What is the most important extra-GI diagnosis to rule out?
Acute pancreatitis
Organ failure
What is the most common dental disease in small animas?
Periodontal disease
What is the only reversible stage of periodontal disease?
gingivitis
What is the large breed dog poster child for periodontal disease?
Greyhounds
Are cats prone to dental disease?
YES
What is stage 1 periodontal disease?
Gingivitis
What is CWD on dental chart?
Crowding
What is M on dental chart?
Mobility
What type of dog are remaining deciduous teeth most common?
Toy breeds
What is tooth wear due to rubbing against something foreign?
Abrasion
What is tooth wear due to tooth - tooth contact?
Attrition
What is trauma to a tooth causing the death of the tooth?
Pulpitis
What is the fracture of the top of a tooth called?
Crown fracture
What is a crown fracture without pulp showing?
Uncomplicated fracture
Are complicated and uncomplicated fractures at risk of infection?
YES
What is something that doxycycline can do to teeth?
Cause permanent staining (not enamel defect)
What are the equivalent of cavities?
Caries
What is caused by an unerupted tooth?
Dentigerous cyst (usually first lower premolar)
If any teeth are missing in a dog, what should you do?
Take dental rads
What tooth is predisposed to resorptive lesions in cats?
3rd mandibular premolar
What is a type III resorptive lesion?
1/2 tooth has root and 1/2 tooth has resorption of root
What is severe uremia necrosis caused by?
Leptospirosis
What is widespread oral inflammation that required full mouth extractions?
Stomatitis
What is excessive growth of gingiva (common) that may trap bacteria causing periodontal disease?
Gingival hyperplasia
What is a benign tumor of the mouth?
Epulis
What is the most common oral tumor in dogs?
Melanoma
What is the most common oral tumor in cats?
Squamous cell carcinoma
What is the technique where the plate/film is placed behind the tooth and the rad beam directed straight to the plate?
Parallel technique
What is the technique where the film is placed at a 90 degree angle to the tooth?
Bisecting angle technique
What teeth can you really only do the parallel technique on?
Mandibular teeth
What teeth are always radiographed using bisecting?
Canines
What is the # of the carnassial tooth on the top?
08
What is the # of the carnassial tooth on the bottom?
09
If you are looking at the maxillary incisors, what will the quadrant on the left of the image be?
100s
Just opposite of what youd think
Name the parts of the tooth from the pulp out
Pulp > dentin > enamel
Where is cementum?
Hard tissue forming the surface of the root
What teeth is cat missing on the mandible?
06 and 07
What is that act of swallowing called?
Deglutition
What is difficulty swallowing, prehending, or chewing?
Dysphagia
What 2 phases does regurgitation come from?
Esophageal phase or gastroesophageal phase
Is dysphagia common in cats?
NO
What normally causes dysphagia in cats?
secondary to structural abnormalities
Oral tumor, ulcer, stomatitis
What do you rule out first for oropharyngeal disease?
Structural disease
What is the first thing in the diagnostic plan for oropharyngeal disease?
Thoracic rads for aspiration pneumonia
What causes a honking sound where arytenoids do not move?
Laryngeal paralysis
How do you rule out a functional disease?
Barium swallowing study
What is the failure of opening of the upper esophageal sphincter?
Achalasia
What is the lack of coordination between pharyngeal and cricopharyngeal phase of swallowing
Dyssynchrony
What is inflammation of the esophagus?
Esophagitis
What is narrowing of the esophagus?
Esophageal stricture
What is essentially the only functional disease of the esophagus?
Megaesophagus
What type of disease does dysphagia indicate?
oropharyngeal disease
What type of disease does regurgiation indicate?
Esophageal disease
What type of disease does regurgitation and dysphagia indicate?
Painful esophageal disease (esophagitis or FB) or diffuse neuromuscular disease
YOU MUST RULE OUT STRUCTURAL CAUSES BEFORE DIAGNOSTIC FOR FUNCTIONAL DISEASE
What must be tested for in patients with megaesophagus or functional neuromuscular disorders?
Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies
for myasthenia gravis
What is gastritis?
Inflammation of gastric mucosa
What is the most common type of gastritis?
Idiopathic gastritis
What is the most common type of fungus that causes gastritis?
Histoplasma
What does gastroenteritis mean?
Stomach AND intestines
What does repeat vomiting cause?
Bilious Vomiting Syndrome (reflux gastritis)
What is the non-immunologic food sensitivity?
Food intolerance
For chronic gastritis, what is a bacteria that may cause pathology but is also a normal gut microbe?
Helicobacter
What is the stomach worm of the dog and car?
Physaloptera rara
If you hear the history “morning vomiting of bile stained fluid but otherwise healthy”, what should you think?
Bilious vomiting syndrom
What should you think first when you think about gastroduodenal ulcers?
NSAIDS or steroids
What do mast cell tumors secrete?
Histamines
Due to increased histamines, mast cell tumors activate the chemoreceptor trigger zone causing vomiting
In terms of gastric ulcers, what should you avoid the concurrent use of?
NSAIDs and steroids (or other NSAIDs)
What should you do if there is evidence of bleeding elsewhere outside of GI bleeding?
Run coag test and check platelets (IMHA?)
What do NSAIDs inhibit the production of?
prostaglandins
Why do cats tend to produce more trichobezoars than other species?
They have long contractions (interdigestive migrating motor complexes)
What is the most common cause of delayed gastric emptying/
Mechanical obstruction (FB, neoplasia, GDV, polyp, etc)
What is the most common cause of functional gastric motility disorder?
Idiopathic
What is the #1 clinical sign of delayed gastric emptying?
Vomitus of partial of undigested food >10 hours after eating
What is a breed risk factor for GDV?
Deep chested dogs
What are 2 food-related risk factors for GDVs?
Rapid eating
Single meals
What 3 things (all sort of related) are caused by GDV to venous return?
Caudal vena cava compression
Impaired venous return to heart
Hypovolemic shock
What are the 6 important clinical signs of GDV?
Non-productive retching
Abdominal distension and tympany
Tachycardia
Pallor
Shock
What type of rads do you take on a suspected GDV dog?
RIGHT LATERAL!!
What dog breed is most likely to get GDV?
Great dane
A diagnosis of a functional gastric motility disorder is presumptive and is considered a diagnosis of exclusion
Whats the hepatocellular panel for hepatocyte injury for large animal include?
AST, ALT, SDH
Whats the cholestasis panel include?
ALP, GGT, Bilirubin
What is most specific liver enzyme for hepatocellular injury in dogs and cats
ALT
What is most specific liver enzyme for hepatocellular injury in large animals?
SDH
Which of the liver enzymes are not liver specific?
AST
If AST and CK are high, what should you consider instead of liver damage?
Muscle damage
High ALP is significant because half life is so short
What artery supplies that hard palate?
Major palatine artery
What does the palate do?
Stimulates sensory nerves to help trigger swallowing
What parts of the palate can cleft palate affect?
Soft, hard, and both
Does a cleft lip need to be treated with no clinical symptoms?
NO
What can predispose to cleft palate (2)
Stress of mother
Intrauterine trauma
What are the 4 salivary glands?
Sublingual, mandibular, zygomatic, parotid
What is the most common cause of salivary gland disease?
Idiopathic
What is a sialocele?
A subcutaneous cavity containing saliva
What is the most common sialocele?
Cervical sialocele
What is the second most common sialocele?
Sublingual sialocele
What sialocele is likely to cause exophthalmos?
Zygomatic sialocele
Where is cervical sialocele located?
Ventral neck
Remove gland to fix
What are 4 diseases of salivary glands?
Inflammation (sialadenitis)
Infection
Stone formation (sialolith)
Neoplasia
What does a lot of nasoreflux indicate?
A small intestine disease
What is ileus
inhibition of intestinal propulsion without signs of mechanical obstruction
What type of liver value is also associated with bone growth?
ALP
What can also cause an increase in ALP values outside of the body?
Corticosteroids
ALP in cats is almost always more sensitive for cholestatic liver disease than GGT except for one instance, what is it?
Feline hepatic lipidosis, ALP will be high but GGT won’t
What are 3 causes of increased GGT activity
Drugs
Biliary hyperplasia
Cholestasis
What are the 3 broad categories that cause hyperbilirubinemia?
Pre-hepatic
Hepatic
Post-hepatic
What may cause hyperbilirubemia of pre-hepatic cause?
Hemolytic disorder
Do horses get megaesophagus?
Yes but rarely (Friesian - burping)
What is the most common esophageal disorder in horses?
Choke
What is the common sequela after choke? (2)
Aspiration pneumonia
Stricture
What is a common clinical symptom of choke?
BILATERAL nasal discharge
HORSES ARE OBLIGATE NASAL BREATHERS
How should you feed to prevent choke?
Slow feeding
What type of feeds should be given to prevent choke?
Good, soft feeds
What should be done to their teeth to prevent choke?
Adequate dental care
What is the most common tumor in the esophagus of horses?
Squamous cell carcinomas
What is an abnormal amount of nasogastric reflux to get?
> 2L
What does EGUS stand for?
Equine gastric ulcer syndrom
What are 4 risk factors for EGUS?
Intense exercise
Meal feeding
Low roughage feeding
High concentrate feeding
What is a cause of equine gastric glandular disease?
NSAIDS
More severe because constantly exposed to acid
What should be a huge concern in foals in terms of gastric ulcers?
NSAIDs
What parasite would you find in the stomach of horses, potentially incidental?
Gasterophilus intestinalis (bots)
What are the 3 aspects of hepatobiliary screening
CBC, chem, UA
What in the CBC may contribute to liver disease?
Anemia
What 3 liver enzymes are released during hepatocellular injury?
AST, ALT, SDH
Of the two, AST and ALT, which is less liver specific?
AST
What can elevated AST also be responsive to?
Muscle breakdown
If AST is higher than ALT, what should you think?
Muscle breakdown
What 2 enzymes are most prominent in cholestasis?
ALP and GGT
If glucose is decreased, what does this indicate about the function of the liver?
<30% fxn
What does decreased serum cholesterol indicate?
Decreased hepatic synthesis
What does increased serum cholesterol indicate?
Secondary to cholestasis
Where is albumin synthesized?
Only in the liver
What does decreased synthesis of clotting factors indicate?
<30% function
What are the 2 primary methods of liver function?
Serum bile acid
Blood ammonia levels
What happens to bile acid metabolism during hepatic disease?
Shift toward more renal excretion of bile acids
What is the primary test for portosystemic shunting?
Blood ammonia levels
What is pancreatic inflammation?
Pancreatitis
What about stools is an indicator of pancreatitis?
Large stools
What species gets acute pancreatitis more?
Dogs
What species gets chronic pancreatitis more?
Cats
What is the most common clinical finding for acute pancreatitis in dogs and cats?
Dehydration!!!
What is a common clinical finding for pancreatitis in cats?
Hypothermia
What do clinical findings do cats with pancreatitis get?
Lethargy, anorexia, hypothermia
Do most dogs presenting for pancreatitis vomit?
YES! (90%)
What is the most accurate way to diagnose pancreatitis?
Spec PLIs
What is the most accurate way to mis-diagnose pancreatitis?
Spec PLIs
What is normal, suspicious, and pancreatitis levels for Spec PLIs?
<200 normal
200-400 maybe
>400 probably pancreatitis
Is SNAP PLI valuable?
Good at ruling out (Sensitive)
Should really never use SNAP PLI
Is ultrasound a reliable way to help diagnose pancreatitis?
Yes!
What can hypersalivation in a cow result in?
Acidosis
Is bloat an emergency?
YES!!
What is the bacteria responsible for lumpy jaw?
Actinomycosis
What is the bacteria responsible for wooden tongue?
Actinobacillus ligneressi
What is stomatitis?
Inflammation of the mouth
How does bovine papular stomatitis present?
Small circular lesions on snout
Is icterus caused by pre, post, or hepatic hyperbilirubinemia?
Pre or post!!
What is a less common clinical sign of equine hepatic disease related to the sun?
Photosensitization
What is the molecule responsible for photosensitization?
Phylloerythrin
What is a clinical sign of hepatic encephalopathy seen in horses?
Yawning!
What is SDH used for instead of in diagnostics for liver disease?
ALT
What is the most specific enzyme for the liver in horses?
SDH
What is the toxicity that horses can get from specific weeds?
pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity
What does pyrrolizidine toxicity do to hepatocytes?
Enlarged to megalocytes leading to fibrosis
What bacteria is responsible for Tyzzer’s disease?
Clostridium piliforme
What type of horses get Tyzzer’s disease?
FOALS
Do you recover from Tyzzer’s?
No, you die
Who gets Theiler’s disease?
Adult horses
How do you get Theiler’s disease?
Associated with administration of equine derived biological products
Likely caused by a hepatitis virus (equine parvovirus)
What do you look for in stomach rads to diagnose gastritis?
Wall thickening
Can you see gastric masses on rads?
Yes!
How do you see ulceration on rads?
Double contrast gastrogram best
How do you confirm a pyloric outflow obstruction?
Postitive gastrogram
What is the best view to see a GDV?
RIGHT LATERAL
What is too large for dog’s SI?
> 1.6 height of L5
What is too large for a cat’s SI?
12mm
What is too large for a foal’s SI?
> length of L1
What are intussesceptions often preceded by?
Diarrhe (hypermotility)
What is a common impaction of foals?
Meconium
Is a perforation (free peritoneal gas) an emergency?
YES
What does a functional ilues appear as on rads?
General distention of intestines all over
How big is too big for large intestine?
> 1.5x length of L7
What will foregin body look like with ultrasound?
Likely will create a shadow
How do you measure the width of an intestine?
From serosa to lumen
EACH LAYER OF THE INTESTINE OR STRUCTURE SHOULD HAVE ALL OF ITS LAYERS
What are differentials for loss of wall layering?
Neoplasia, inflammation, edema
What is seen in neoplasia with ultrasound of intestines?
Wall thickening and altered wall layering
Presence of altered wall layering makes neoplasia much more likely
What is the most common GI neoplasia in cats?
Lymphoma
What is lymphangiectasia>?
Protein losing enteropathy
What is seen on US for lymphangiectasia?
White specks within lumen
What is normal echogenicity of liver?
Similar to falciform or darker (hypoechoic to falciform)
How does the normal liver compare to the spleen?
Hypoechoic to spleen
How can you tell the liver is abnormal?
If the liver is hyperechoic to the spleen, it is abnormal
What are 3 differentials if you have hepatic hyperechogenicity?
Hepatic lipidosis
Diabetes mellitus
Cushing’s disease
What are 3 differentials if you have hepatic hypoechogenicity (too dark)?
Acute hepatitis
Diffuse neoplasia
Congestion
What is the normal thickness of the gallbladder in a cat?
1mm
What is the normal thickness of a gallbladder in a dog?
2-3mm
What does cholecystitis and edema look like in US?
Double rimmed
What is a stone in the gall bladder called?
Cholelithiasis
How do you find the pancreas via US in dogs? cats?
proximal duodenum
Spleen
What is the echogenicity of the pancreas to the mesentery? the liver?
Hypoechoic to mesentery
Hyperechoic to liver
What may a pancreas look like in a Cushings dog?
Hyperechoic
Pancreatic cystic lesions are fluid filled on US
What are 2 causes of chronic hepatitis?
Copper toxicity
Chronic phenobarb use
Who gets chronic hepatitis more often?
Dogs
What are the 3 characteristics of cirrhosis?
Fibrosis
Regenerative nodules
Loss of architecture
What is a concerning reason for viral chronic hepatitis in dogs?
Leptospirosis
What does chronic hepatitis take to definitively diagnose”
Biopsy
Where is copper stored?
The liver!
What breed is specifically predisposed to copper induced chronic hepatitis?
Labs
What stain do you use to see copper toxicities?
Rhodanine
How may you have a secondayr accumulation of copper?
Cholestasis
What 4 ways can you get acute liver disease?
Toxins
Infectious agents
Systemic or metabolic disorders
Traumatic, thermal, or hypoxia
What is a big drug that can cause acute liver disease?
Acetaminophen
Gotta know these… What toxins can cause acute liver injury?
Aflatoxin
Amanita mushroom
xylitol
blue-green algae
sago palms
What is number 1 cause of infectious agents?
Bacteria (lepto)
What is a clinical sign of infectious hepatitis?
“blue eye”
What causes it to liver failure above liver disease?
hepatic encephalopathy and coagulopathy
What is seen with complete bile obstruction?
Acholic fecess
Pre-hepatic jaundice is caused by hemolysis of blood cells which release unconjugated bilirubin into the blood stream which can’t be compensated by the liver resulting in more bilirubin
Who tends to have more cholestasis?
Cats
What is the post-hepatic cause of jaundice?
Pancreatitis
Cholecystitis
Cholelithiasis
Biliary mass
What is the most common feline liver disease?
Hepatic lipidosis
What is seen in the liver enzyme values of a cat with hepatic lipidosis?
High ALP but normal GGT!!!!
What is seen on the ultrasound of a cat with hepatic lipidosis?
Hyperechoic to falciform ligament
What is the most common primary disease of the liver/
Cholangitis
What is cholangitis?
Inflammation fo teh common bile duct
What are the 3 types of cholangitis?
Neutrophilic
Lymphocytic
Chronic
What is the most common type of cholangitis in dogs?
Neutrophilic
What is triaditis?
Concurrent inflammation of pancreas, liver, and small intestine
What is EHBDO?
Extra hepatic bile duct obstruction
What does a gallbladder mucocele look like on ultrasound?
a kiwi!
What type of portosystemic shunt in most common in large breed dogs?
Intrahepatic
What type of portosystemic shunt is most common in small breed dogs?
Extrahepatic
What breed is the posterchild of portosystemic shunts?
Yorkshire terrier
What clinical sign may you see in a cat with a portosystemic shunt?
Hypersalivation
What might a cat with a portosystemic shunt have as an eye color?
Copper iris
What are some other clinical findings of PSS?
Stunted growth
pU/pD
Intermittent V+/D+
pica
How do you differentiate microvacular dysplasia from PSS?
Protein C
How much protein C will dogs with microvascular dysplasia have?
> 70%
What is an important consequence of PSS?
Hepatic encephalopathy
What causes hepatic encephalopathy?
PSS or loss of hepatic mass
What is hepatic encephalopathy?
The brain effect of substances normally metabolized by the liver
What is the key of hepatic encephalopathy?
Ammonia toxicity
What are complications of liver disease?
Coagulopathy
Anemia
Encephalopathy
Intestinal and gastric ulcers
Endotoxemia and infection
Effucions
What are the 3 types of liver disease?
Hepatocellular dysfunction
Cholestasis
PSS
What does blood ammonia levels primarily tell you?
Presence of PSS
What, related to size, may you see on radiographs for the liver?
Microhepatica
What is required for a bile acid test?
12 hour fast
What does MVD stand for
Microvascular dysplasia
What is portal vein hypoplasia
Microscopic shunting of blood from portal vein
What causes of diarrhea are piglets (< 1 week) likely to get?
C perf A and C
C difficile
E coli
Coronavirus
Rotavirus
What causes of diarrhea are piglets (>1 week) likely to get?
C perf A and C
C difficile
E coli
Coronavirus
Rotavirus
Coccidiosis
What is the pH of viral diarrhea in pigs?
acidic
What is the pH of bacterial diarrhea in pigs?
Bacterial
What gross lesions will be seen in C difficile pigs?
Mesocolonic edema and colitis
What diarrhea is mostly likely to have blood in it for pigs?
C perfringens type C!
What is a lesion of C perfringens in pig’s intestines?
Acute hemorrhagic enteritis
What are the 2 viruses of unweaned piglets?
Coronavirus and rotavirus
Which of the coronaviruses cross protect, which does not?
TGE and PRCV cross protect
PEDV does not
What is a clinical sign of coronavirus
Watery diarrhea (corona smell)
Will you see eimeria in pigs?
NEVER
What is the bacteria name of coccidiosis?
Cystoisospora suis
How do you diagnoses cystoisospora suis?
7-14 day old pigs that arent reacting to antibiotics
What is the #1cause of diarrhea in nursery pigs??!!!!!!!!!!!
E coli (not salmonella!)
What is a neurologic disease associated with E coli?
Edema disease due to leaky vessels
What is a common clinical sign associated with edema disease?
Swollen eyelids
What is a clinical sign of salmonella septicemia?
Cyanosis, widespread
What is the whipworm of pigs?
Trichuris suis
What might you see in diarrhea of trichuris suid?
Blood
How must you treat trichuris suis?
Fenbendazole (not ivermectin)
What is the roundworm for pigs?
Ascaris suum
What is a necropsy sign on the liver for ascaris suum?
Milk spots
What is the most common disease of grow/finish pigs?
Lawsonia!!
How do you prevent lawsonia?
Vaccines work
What causes swine dysentery?
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
What is the main vector of brachyspira hyodysenteriae?
Mice! 180 days
What is the leading cause of death in adult horses?
Colic
How long is the small intesting of a horse?
70’
What are 3 examples of intraluminal obstructions?
Enterlith, impaction, mass
What are enteroliths made of?
Struvite
What are some common clinical signs of a strangulating obstruction?
Hypovolemic shock, septic shock (toxic line), pain, obstructive shock
How does endotoxemia develope?
Develops with intestinal stasis
Bacteria can migrate out of lumen
What is a risk factor for a strangulating lipoma?
Older age
What is a risk factor for an epiploic foramen entrapment?
Cribber
What is a risk factor for an inguinal hernia?
Stallion, possibly post breeding
What is a risk factor for a large colon volvulus?
Post-foaling mare, change in diet
Are simple obstructions incredibly painful?
NO!
What is a good differential for a colic lookalike?
Laminitis
What causes colic pain?
Enteric neurons
What is the most common type of impaction in neonates?
Meconium impaction
Where are enterliths common?
California
What are the diagnostic steps to a colic exam?
PE/vitals
NG tube
Rectal
Abdominal US
Abdominocentesis
What do absent GI sounds usually mena?
Complete obstruction/strangulation
What would a lot of reflux that is sour/fermented indicate?
Small intestine strangulation
If a ton of reflux, likely anterior enteritis
Should you give more fluids in the NG tube if you suspect small intestine strangulation?
NO!!!
During abdominocentesis, what does a very high lactate (in comparison to blood lactate) indicate?
Ischemic, strangulation!!!
What is the most common cause of equine colitis?
Salmonella!
What is an additional cause of colitis in horses?
Clostridium perfringens A and C
What is the bacterial name for Potomac Horse Fever?
Neorickettsia risticii
When is peak PHF time?
June-September
What is 2 non infectious cause of diarrhea in horses?
Carbohydrate overload
Blister beetle
What is a potential complication with PHF?
Laminitis
What things should you work-up during a colitis case?
Salmonella culture
PHF IFA
Diarrhea panel
What is a clinical sign of anterior enteritis?
Large volumes of NG reflux
What are 4 infectious causes of chronic diarrhea in horses?
Salmonella, Lawsonia, Rhodococcus equi, peritonitis
What is the most common strongly of horses (chronic diarrhea)?
Small strongyles
What can excessive bute cause?
Right dorsal colitis
Are neonates hind gut fermenters?
Not yet!
When is diarrhea common for foals?
During foal heat at 5-15 days
E coli is not a direct GI pathoigen in foals, but diarrhea can occur in septic foals
What is the most viral cause of viral foal diarrhea?
Rotavirus
When does rotavirus occur for foals?
Less than 2 months of age
What rotavirus is there a vaccine for in foals?
Rotavirus A (most common virus)
What is the protozoal cause of diarrhea in foals?
Crypto parvum
What are the top 3 causes of diarrhea in foals?
1) rota
2) salmonella
3) C. difficile
What do all foals with diarrhea have a co infection with?
Coronavirus
What should you check on all foals?
IgG
What causes diarrhea at weanling foals?
Weaning!
Rhodococcus equi
Lawsonia intracellularis
When is Lawsonia most common?
4-7 months
What is seen on US for a Lawsonia infection?
Swollen “donut” loops of intestine
What is the peritonitis called without an idnetifiable source?
Primary peritonitis
What is the primary source of secondary peritonitis?
Gastrointestinal!!
What is the primary microbe of gastrointestinal peritonitis?
E coli
What does bloodwork show for perotinitis?
Hypovolemia
Hypoproteneimia (into body cavity)
Hyperfibrinogenemia
Important: How do you diagnose a septic peritonitis?
High lactate, low glucose
High cell count
High protein
What is common cause peritonitis in small animals?
Gi perforations and pyometra
What is very common with oral SCC?
Ulceration and bone destruction
What is the typical pigment of a melanoma?
Black pigment
What in the dog is a jaw only mass?
Canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma
What are 2 examples of destructive masses?
Lumpy jaw
Wooden tongue
What bacteria causes lumpy jaw?
Actinomycres bovis
What bacteria causes wooden tongue?
Actinobacillus ligniersii
What are 2 small benign masses in the dog’s mouth?
Gingival hyperplasia
Peripheral odontogenic fibroma (POF)
What neoplasia will occur within tonsils?
lymphoma
What neoplasia will occur on the surface of tonsils?
SCC
Whats te difference between and ulcer and erosion?
Ulcer causes fibrin and neutrophil recruitment
Erosion is within epithelium only
What is a cause from the liver that may cause ventral tongue ulceration?
Uremia
What are 4 causes of oral ulcers in cats?
Calicivirus
Herpesvirus
Stomatitis
Eosinophilic granuloma complex
What are 2 major differentials for tonsillar ulcers on pigs?
Pseudorabies
Hog cholera (classical swine fever)
“The more fibrin and “stuff” on top of an ulcer, the more likely a secondary infection”
What is fusobacterium necrophorum?
Calf diptheria
What is candida albicans?
Thrush
What are secondary infections of oral ulcers for cows?
Thrush
Calf diphtheria
Wooden tongue
Lumpy jaw
What might you find as sequalae of rumen acidosis?
Bacterial infection, fungal infection, caval syndrom, perforating ulcer
What is a lesion that is deeper than an ulcer and exits the lumen?
Perforation
Is fibrin acute or chronic?
Acute
Is fibrosis acute or chronic?
Chronic
What predisposes a pig to ulcers?
Finely ground feed
Are neoplasms or granulomas more common in stomach?
Neoplasms much more common
***What parasite in snakes causes gastric thickening?
Cryptosporidium serpentes
***What bacteria in cattle causes the moroccan leather description?
Ostertagia osteragii
What causes severe anemia and weight loss in high FAMACHA score in goats (also edema and effusion - bottle jaw)?
H. contortus
Sharp line of demarcation of intestinal hemorrahe supports ______?
Strangulation
What is a large colon volvulus?
Wraps own intestine around itself and strangulates it
What is an intussusception considered?
An obstruction
What are the common sites of impaction in a horse?
Pelvic flexture
RDC - small colon junction
What parasites in a horse may cause an obstruction?
Anoplocephela perfoliata (tape worm)
parascaris equorum (linear foreign body)
What cancer causes the “napkin ring” look to an intestine?
Adenocarcinoma
What are the 2 most common fungal agents that cause intestinal thickening?
Pythiosis
Histoplasmosis
What may be a cause of nodular thickening of intestinal wall?
Small strongyles
***What are 3 very important casues of segmental mucosal thickening?
Johnes
Proliferative enteropathy (lawsonia)
Boxer colitis
What can cause hemorrhagic entercolitis?
Dog hookworms
Fibrinonecrotic to hemorrhagic enterocolitis is a spectrum
***What is the single mainly fibronecrotic disease of the intestine?
Salmonella
***What are 2 mainly hemorrhagic diseases of the intestine?
Clostridium A and C
What is necrosis of peyer’s patches called?
Button ulcers
What is a cause of a button ulcer?
(Know these, sorry)
Pestiviruses (BVD)
Parvo
Rinderpest
Salmonella
What is the key lesion seen in dogs with protein losing enteropathy (PLE)
lymohagiectasia
What are 4 clinical symptoms of a dog with lymphangiectasia
Hypoproteinemia
Lymphopenia
Hypocalcemia
Hypocholesterolemia
What 2 diseases may cause intestinal wall thinning?
Coronavirus
Rotavirus
What is the nutmeg liver called?
Enhance reticular patterns
What is a major cause of enhanced reticular pattern?
Acute toxicity
What will cause enhance reticular pattern in pigs?
Vitamin E/Se deficiency
What will cause enhanced reticular patter in horses?
Theiler’s disease
What will cause enhance reticular pattern in dogs?
Caninine infectious hepatitis
What would cause large discolored friable areas on a liver?
Clostridium novyi
What causes pale/tan liver?
Lipid
Glycogen
Amyloid
Lymphoma
What causes diffuse hepatomegaly?
Right heart failure (congestion)
What causes nodular hyperplasia?
AgingW
What does nodular hyperplasia look like?
just big whitish spots
What are 3 reasons for liver nodules?
Nodular hyperplasia
Hepatocellular adenoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Is sludge common in cats?
No, never incidental
What is seen on acute pancreatitis?
Fat saponification
What i sthe mass effect due to adhesions and fat saponification?
Phlegmon
What does a small, firm pancreas indicate?
Chronic pancreatitis
What does a small but not firm pancreas indicate?
Juvenile pancreatic atrophy
What should you do if you have a peritoneum case?
Find the source
If you find modified transudate, what should you look for?
Find the failing organ
What 3 things cause fibrinous pertionitis in swine?
Strep suis
Glaesserella parasuis
Myco
What is Type III FIP?
Wet
What is type IV FIP?
Dry
What is acute abdomen?
Sudden acute abdominal pain
What general clinical sign is seen with acute abdomen?
“Prayer” posture
What should you look at for acute abdomen on NOVA?
Electrolytes
What would you expect for abdominocentesis results of hemoabdomen?
PCV higher or equal to blood
What would you expect for abdominocentesis results of uroabdomen?
High potassium
High creatinine
What would you expect for abdominocentesis results of spetic abdomen?
low glucose, high lactate, bacteria
What are first steps to acute abdomen diagnosis?
Baseline blood and imagining (FAST scan)
ACTURE ABDOMENS ARE NOT ALWAYS EMERGENT
What is chronic diarrhea?
> 2 weeks
What is seen in SI diarrhea?
Normal - large volume
+/- Melena
+/- Vomiting
What is seen in LI diarrhea?
Small-normal volume
hematochezia
straining
increased frequnecy and urge
What is a base level diagnostic plan for diarrhea dogs?
Minimum database
Fecal exam
GI panel (cobalamine and folate)
Abdominal imaging
Endoscopy
What does decreased RBCs mean?
Anemia, GI blood loss
What does increased RBCs mean?
Dehydration (concentration)
What does increased platelets with diarrhea mean?
Chronic GI bleeding or chronic inflammation
What does decreased platelets with diarrhea mean?
Significant GI bleeding
***What is a stress leukogram?
Neutrophilia and lymphopenia
What do you expect to see on CBC of diarrhea dog?
Decreased neutrophils
Increased lymphocytes
Increased eosinophils
On chemistry, what does it mean if BUN is high but creatinine is normal?
GI bleed
What does panhypoproteinemia mean?
Low albumin and low globulin
What does panhypoproteinemia indicated on CBC?
Protein losing enteropathy (PLE)
What is PLE from during diarrhea?
GI loss
What would be a reason for increased albumin?
Dehydration
What would be a reason for increased globulins?
Chronic inflammation
FIP
Neoplasia
Should you run a fecal cytology?
NO!
What does trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI) diagnose?
Low TLI diagnoses exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)
Where is cobalamin absorbed?
Distal small intestine
What does low cobalamin indicate?
Malabsorption
Where is folate absorbed?
Proximal small intestines
What does decreased folate indicate?
Malabsorption
What does increased folate indicate?
Dysbiosis
What are 3 viral causes of enteritis in dogs?
Coronavirus
Parvo
Rotavirus
What are 2 viral causes of enteritis in cats?
Parvo (panleuk)
Coronavirus (FIP)
Does a negative parvo test rule out parvo?
NO
What happens if cat is infected with parvo (panleuk) as a neonate?
Cerebellar hypoplasia
Where does FIP replicate?
In macrophages
What phase of FIP will you see ocular lesions?
Dry form (non-effusive)
What chem values do you see to diagnose FIP?
Hyperglobin
Hypoalubumin
Hyperbilirubin
Is coronavirus testing a diagnostic for FIP?
No!
What are the 3 protozoans in dogs and cats for enteritis?
Giardia
Tritrichomonas
Coccidiosis
What does tritrichomonas look like under microscope?
Jerky movements (vs falling leaf of giardia)
What is the best test for tritrichomonas?
PCR
What is the fungal enteritis we should know?
Histoplasmosis
How does histo infection occur?
Inhalation of spores
What else should you look for in histo cases?
Respiratory signs
Is bacterial enteritis common in companion animals?
NO! Dont give antibiotics for them
What is the only bacterial enteritis I should keep an eye out for?
E coli (boxers)
Is it always ok to deworm?
YES!
What is constipation?
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of dry, hard feces
What is the severe form of constipation?
Obstipation
What is straining to deficate?
Tenesmus
What is difficult or painful defecation
Dyschezia
What electrolyte abnormalities are seen during constipation?
Hypercalcemia
Hypokalemia
There are neurological causes of constipation!
Cauda equina syndrome
What are some rectal causes of constipation?
Perianal fistula, abscess, and proctitis
What is inflammation of your rectum called?
Proctitis
***What drug causes constipation?
Opiods
What is the cause of megacolon?
Idiopathic
What is the protrusion of rectal wall through pelvic diaphram?
Perineal hernia
What is a predisposing factor to rectal prolapse?
Endoparasites
What is anal agenesis?
Atresia ani
What breed is predisposed to perianal fistulas?
German Shephards
What do perianal fistulas develop?
Draining tracts
What is usually the cancer of the anal sac?
Adenocarcinomas
What is anal sac adenocarcinomas usually “associated with”
Hypercalcemia
Constipation does not equal obstipation
What is a GI sign that exocrine pancreatic insuffiency dogs show up with?
Polyphagia (very hungry)
What is another clinical sign associated with diabetes mellitus?
polyphagia
What is an additional sign that exocrine pancreatic insufficiency present with?
Maldigestion
What is EPI?
Pancreatic acinar atrophy
What breed is most likely to get EPI?
German Shephards
What is a clinical sign of EPI that cats will present with but not dogs?
Vomiting
What are the only 3 diseases that will present with hypocholesterolemia?
Intestinal disease
Liver dysfunction
Addisons
What does lymphoplasmacytic enteritis indicate?
IBD
What causes IBD?
Idiopathic
What is the most common cause of IBD?
Diet responsive IBD
Do dogs with portosystemic shunts come in with diarrhea issues?
NO
What is the number one differential for dogs with PLE
Lymphangiectasia
What causes scaly white patches on teh comb, face, and wattles
Candidiasis (fungus)
What is the technical term for canker?
Trichomonosis
Where can you get canker?
Contaminate water
What are clinical signs of canker?
Yellowish lesions in mouth
Lesions continue to grow
How do you diagnose canker?
Wet mounts/histo
What is a cause of splenomegaly in turkeys and chickens?
Marble spleen disease
What is another name for markble spleen disease?
Hemorrhagic enteritis
What is necrotic enteritis caused by in birds?
Clostridium perfringens
How do you diagnose necrotic enteritis?
Lesions in SI
What bacteria causes ulcerative enteritis?
quail disease
What bird does qual disease affect most?
bobwhite quail
How is ulcertative colitis diagnosed?
Culture
What is the disease where the crop does not empty properly
Crop stasis
What is a good diagnostis indicator of giardia?
Mucous-like feces
What is proventricular dilation disease cuased by?
Avian bornavirus
How do you test for avian bornavirus?
PCR test
What might cause a ventral right distension in a cow?
Ventral sac of rumen outpockets to the right
Tympany rusults from failire of _______
eructation
Is bloat caused by an overproduction of gas?
NOOOO!!
Name 3 causes of rumen tympany
Esophageal obstruction
Rumen motility disorders
Frothy bloat (trapped in bubbles)
What are the 2 types of bloats?
Free gas bloat and frothy bloat
How do you fix a free gas bloat?
Passage of tube relieves bloat
What is a common esophageal obstruction?
Hedge apple
What is the classic ruminal motility disorder?
Vagal indigestion
What is stable foam?
Change in surface tension within rumen trapping air below
What types of feeds cause stable foam?
Legumes and high concentrate diet
What is type 1 vagal indigestion?
Free gas bloat
What is type 2 vagal indigestion
(MOST COMMON TYPE)
Papple, backup of injesta in rumen
What is type 3 vagal indigestion?
Pyloric outflow obstruction
What is type 4 vagal indigestion?
Indigestion of late pregnancy
What is another name for grain overload?
Acidosis
What types of feed cause grain overload?
Cereal grains, beets/potatoes, fruit
What type of lactate accumulates?
D-lactate accumulates
What are secondary results of acidosis?
Laminitis
Caval syndrome
What does caval syndrome start with?
Liver abscess
What are 2 predisposing factors for DA?
GI atony (decreased motility)
Calving
