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Diseases and Diagnosis > Concurrent #2 > Flashcards

Concurrent #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 divisions of all bacteria?

A

Gram-positive
Gram-negative
Mycoplasma, Lack of cell wall

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2
Q

What is the bacterial naming scheme?

A

Genus species

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3
Q

What is a genus?

A

A well-defined group

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4
Q

What is a species?

A

Basic taxon of bacteria

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5
Q

What is within species?

A

Strain (derived from an initial single colony)

Subspecies

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6
Q

What is a biovar?

A

Within strain, special biochemical or physiological properties

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7
Q

What is a serovar?

A

Within strain, distinctive antigenic properties

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8
Q

What type of genotype do all bacteria have?

A

16S rRna

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9
Q

Are bacteria eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes

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10
Q

What type or ribosomes do bacteria (prokaryotes) have?

A

70S

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11
Q

Do bacteria have cell wall containing peptidoglycan?

A

Some do, some dont

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12
Q

What are the strongest antibody responses targeted at?

A

Surface components

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13
Q

What are bacterial capsules and slimes made of?

A

Polysaccharides and polypeptides

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14
Q

How are bacterial capsules and slimes visualized?

A

Negative staining with India ink

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15
Q

What do bacterial capsules and slimes confer?

A

K antigen

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16
Q

What are the 3 roles of slimes and capsules in disease?

A

Inhibit phagocytosis
Help with adherence
Covers surface antigens

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17
Q

Are slimes and capsules needed for bacterial survival?

A

No!

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18
Q

What type of cell wall do Gram positive bacteria have?

A

Thick peptidoglycan
Teichoic acid
Acid-fast organisms contain mycotic acid derivatives

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19
Q

What type of cell wall do Gram negative bacteria have?

A

Thin peptidoglycan
Outer membrane contains LPS and porins

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20
Q

What type of bacteria have LPS?

A

Gram negative

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21
Q

What are porins?

A

Channels where large molecules can go through

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22
Q

What is the order of bacterial resistance in the environment with cell walls?

A

acid fast > gram + > gram -

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23
Q

What are the 2 building blocks of peptidoglycan?

A

Disaccharide polymers
Peptides

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24
Q

What is the toxic component (endotoxin) of LPS?

A

lipid A

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25
Q

What is the protein monomer of flagella?

A

Flagellin

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26
Q

What are the 3 parts of the flagella?

A

Filament, the hook, the basal body

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27
Q

What are the 3 roles of flagella in disease

A

Rapid motility
Use H antigen (diagnoses)
PAMPs for inflammation

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28
Q

What is the common pili called?

29
Q

What are the 2 types of pili?

A

Fimbriae
Sex pili

30
Q

What is the purpose of common pili?

31
Q

What are the purpose of sex pili?

A

Gene transfer (that hand reaching out thing)

32
Q

What ribosomes are in the cytoplasm of bacteria?

A

70S (distinct from eukaryotic ribosomes)

33
Q

What are the 2 types of spores?

A

Endospores
Exospores

34
Q

What is characteristic of endospores?

A

Spore coat
Spore cortex

35
Q

What does SASPs stand for?

A

spore acid-soluble protein

36
Q

How many spores does one bacterium produce?

37
Q

What is difficult about spores?

A

Resistant to killing

38
Q

What is a chain of exospores

39
Q

Where are conidia produced?

A

End of chains of bacteria (hypha)

40
Q

What are 2 anti-phagocytic factors?

A

Capsules
Cell wall

41
Q

What are 2 components to cell wall?

A

M protein
Protein A

42
Q

Which bacteria uses cytoplasmic membrane as an adherence factor?

A

Mycoplasmataceae

43
Q

What are the 3 invasive factors for bacteria?

A

Skin, mucous membranes, meninges

44
Q

What is the benefit to intracellular parasitism?

A

Avoid immune recognition and destruction.
Avoid lysosomal enzyme action

45
Q

What is facultative intracellular?

A

Can replicate inside or not

46
Q

What action do listeria monocytogenes do to replicate intracellular?

A

Escape phagosomes to cytoplasm

47
Q

What action does brucella, salmonella, and mycobacteria do to replicate intracellular?

A

Multiply in the membrane-bound inclusion of macrophages by inhibiting lysosomal fusion

48
Q

What action does yersinia pestis do to replicate intracellular?

A

Multiply in phagolysosome

49
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of survival for intracellular parasitism?

A

Membrane lysis in cytosol
Inhibition of acidification and lysosomal function in phagosome
Resistance to lysosomal digestion is phagolysosome

50
Q

What is an obligatory parasite?

A

Parasite that must replicate in intracellularly

51
Q

What are the cytosolic obligatory intracellular bacteria?

A

Richettsia

52
Q

What are the phagosome obligatory intracellular bacteria?

A

Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, neorickettsia, chlamydia

53
Q

What are the phagolysosome obligatory intracellular bacteria?

54
Q

What happens when gram - cells cross epithelial barrier?

A

Endotoxin (Lipid A of LPS) acts on macrophages, causing release of lots of inflammatory factors

55
Q

What do hemolysis do?

A

Lyse erythrocytes

56
Q

What does streptomycin O bind?

A

Cholesterol

57
Q

What does leukotoxins do?

A

Kill and lyse phagocytic cells, leading to pus and abscess formation

58
Q

What is protein syntheses inhibitors?

A

Inhibit polypeptide chain elongation

59
Q

How is diphtheria toxin work?

A

Inactivated eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (EF2)

60
Q

What are the 3 forms of enterotoxins: diarrhea?

A

Choleragen of Vibrio cholerae
Heat-labile enterotoxin of E Coli
Heat-stable enterotoxin of E Coli

61
Q

What are the 2 forms of neurotoxins: paralysis?

A

Botulism toxins of C botulinum
Tetanus toxins of C. tetani

62
Q

Inhibit synthesis of folic acid

A

Sulfonamides

63
Q

Inhibit synthesis of peptidoglycan of cell wall

A

Penecillin, cephalosporins

64
Q

Inhibition of protein synthesis

A

Bind to ribosome subunits

65
Q

What bacteria are affected by inhibition of protein synthesis?

A

Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicols
Erythromycin

66
Q

Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis

A

Quinolones
Rifampin

67
Q

Quinolone mechanism

A

Inhibit DNA gyrase

68
Q

Rifampin mechanism

A

Inhibit DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

Diseases and Diagnosis (25 decks)

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