Block #3 Flashcards
What is anisocaria?
Unequal pupil size
What is the ganglia just prior to the efferent parasympathetic supply of the iris?
Ciliary ganglia
What occurs with a lesion of the optic chiasm?
Complete version and PLR loss
What might be a lesion of the optic chiasm?
Pituitary tumor
What is hemianopsia?
Loss of the opposite side of the visual field
What is central/cortical blindness?
Blindness resulting by a lesion at or after the lateral geniculate nucleus
What is a situation that would not cause anisocoria but blindness?
Lesion at or after the lateral geniculate nucleus
Is efferent or afferent dilation more marked?
Efferent
What causes a D shaped pupil?
Nasal or temporal branch of the parasympathetic innervation of a cat’s eye
What causes cavernous sinus syndrome?
Autonomic nerves passing through cavernous sinus due to the many cranial nerves through here
What is electrophysiology?
Used to asses retinal function
What is another name for the forebrain?
Proencephalon
What are the components of the forebrain?
Telencephalon and diencephalon
What diagnostics do you use for cranial bone?
CT
What diagnostic do you use for cranial tissue?
MRI
What is the most common degenerative disease in dogs?
Canine cognitive dysfunction
What is the most common anomaly/developmental disease in dogs?
Congenital hydrocephalus
What causes hepatic encephalitis?
Liver is unable to filter our toxins that enter blood
What causes hypoglycemic encephalopathy?
Brain has too little glucose, usually seizures
What causes electrolyte-associated encephalopathy?
Brain has too little Na or Ca, usually seizures
What is the most common brain neoplasia in dogs?
Meningiomas
What is the 2nd most common brain neoplasia in dogs?
Gliomas
What are the 2 viral forebrain diseases, one for each species?
Dog: Distemper
Cat: FIP
What will IPSP cause? EPSP?
IPSP: hyper polarization
EPSP: hypo polarization
What are excitatory neurotransmitters?
Glutamate
What are inhibitory neurotransmitters?
GABA
What are synchronization options with seizures (3)?
Neurons wire together
Increased GAP junctions
Structural changes in brain
What are the 4 steps to pathophysiology of seizures?
Depolarization
Synaptic transmission
Synchronization
Generalization
What is an autonomic seizure
Drooling
What is the convulsive seizure?
Generalized
Is herd twitching in bulldogs a seizure?
NO
Where do seizures always originate?
Forebrain
What are reactive seizures?
Metabolic, nutritional, and toxicity
What is the most common form of epilepsy in dogs?
Idiopathic epilepsy
What are the 6 viral neurologic diseases?
EEE
WEE
VEE
Rabies
WNV
EHV-1
What are the 2 protozoa of EPM?
S neurona
Neospora hughessi
What time of helminth will cause CNS issues in horses?
nematodes
What is EHV-1
Myeloencephalopathy
What reproductive issue does EHV-1 pose?
Abortion
How is EHV-1 managed?
Need to be isolated
How is EHV-1 tested?
Nasal swabs, whole blood, CSF
Is there a vaccine for EHV-1
NO
What is WNV vector?
Mosquito
What are the clinical sings of WNV?
Fever, others are variable
When should you vaccine a horse for the mosquito born diseases?
Before vector season
What is EEE vector?
MosquitoW
What is the region that has highest EEE?
Regions with freshwater hardwood swamps
Does EEE have a profound inflammatory response?
YES!
Under CSF what is uniquely seen under EEE?
neutrophilic pleocytosis
Is EEE reportable?
YES!
What is the definitive host of EPM?
Opossums!
What are sings of EPM - AAA?
Asymmetry
Atrophy
Ataxia
What must both be run to diagnose EPM?
Serology on serum AND CSF at same time
What is a tremor?
involuntary rhythmic movement of any part of the body
What is myoclonus?
Repeated arrhythmic shock-like jerks
What is tetanus?
Continuous contraction of extensor muscles
What is tetany?
Intermittent and variable contraction of extensor muscles
What is myotonia?
Sustained muscle contraction with delayed relaxation
What is fasciculation?
Contractioned muscle fibers, associatiated with motor unit (under skin only)
What is dystonia?
Sustained involuntary contraction of a group of muscles producing abnormal posture (only one you can see with a picture)
Why can you not treat all tremors with steroids?
Neosporosis!
Bacterial infection, steroids would cause immune suppression
What is feline Riemann-Pick disease (Sphingomyelinosis)
An abiotrophy in cats
What disease can be treated with steroids?
Steroid responsive tremor syndrome
What is the main cause of acute tremors?
Steroid response tremor syndrome
Which infectiontious disease can you not forget to consider?
Neosporosis
Which dog bread has most idiopathic head tremors?
Bulldogs
Which disease can be treated with a gluten free diet?
Paroxysmal dyskinesia
What do epileptic seizures ALWAYS have?
Facial involvement
What are the 3 functions of cerebellum?
Balance
vision
motor learning
What are the 3 functions of brain cerebrum
Sensory
Motor
Association
What controls cardiovascular and respiratory function?
medulla oblongata
What are the 2 parts of the vestibular system?
Semicircular canals
Otoliths
What is pathogenesis of THO
Articulation of bone between sytlohyoid and temporal bone that cuts off facial and vestibular nerve
What causes cerebellar abiotrophy
Mutation of MUTYH gene leading to degeneration of Purkinje cells
What horse breed is disposed to cerebellar abiotrophy?
Egyptian Arabian Foals
When does idiopathic epilepsy appear in Egyptian Arabian Foals?
days to weeks
What are clinical signs of yellow star toxicity?
Horses cannot chew, open, or close mouth completely
What causes recurrent laryngeal neuropathy?
Lesion of the recurrent laryngeal nerve on the left side
What bacteria is associated with moldy corn toxicity?
Fusarium verticilloids
What side of the body does Roaring affect?
leftq
What 2 cranial nerves does THO affect?
facial and vestibular (7 and 8)
What can be a sequelae of THO causing less tear production and less blinking?
Facial nerve paralysis will often cause corneal ulcers
What is a sign of horner’s in horses?
Horses will get sweaty on their neck
What is the difference between abiotrophy and hypoplasia
Hypoplasia is present at birth why abiotrophy is caused by a mutation in the MUTYH gene
What does MUTYH code for?
Glycosyloase involved in DNA damage repair
What is the most common cause of peripheral vestibular disease?
Otis media/interna
What is the second most common cause of peripheral vestibular disease?
Idiopathic geriatric vestibuler disease
What is the most common primary brain tumor in dogs?
Meningioma
What does a vertical nystagmus mean?
Central vestibular disease
What are the 2 types of strokes?
Ischemic
Hemorrhagic
What are the 3 most common central diseases of vestibular note?
Neoplasia
Infectious/Inflammatory
Vascular event
Is optic neuritis bilateral?
Yes
What is idiopathic bilateral inflammation of cranial nerve 5?
Trigeminal neuritis
What is the ocular form of GMA cause?
Optic neuritis
What does trigeminal neuritis cause?
Inability to close jaw
IDOPATHIC FACIAL NERVE PARYLSIS
What is a metabolic dysfunction of the facial nerve?
Hypothyroidism
What is a radio mimetic agent?
Property of killing rapidly dividing cells
What does BVDv cause props to 100 days?
death
What does BVDv cause between 100 and 170 days?
spinal or cranial dysplasia
What in BVDv after 170 days?
An immune fetus
What is pachygyria?
Less formation of gyria
What is lissencepahly?
Absent formation of gyri
When does myelination begin?
Mid gestation in cerebrum
What is porencephaly?
Result of radiomimetic agent that kills cells in a structure whose development is well underway
When is myelination in cerebellum?
Late gestation and into post-natal
What is dysmyelination?
Poor or improper formation of myelin
Are bitter cells present during dysmyelination?
NO
What do gutter cells do?
Bitter cells actively demyelinate
What is reduced in border disease virus and what is affected due to this change?
Hypomyelination caused by less T3 and T4 to form myelin from oligodendrocytes
What is sway back?
Cu deficiency in utero
Describe sway back and post natal deficiency of Cu.
Cytochrome oxidase and superoxide dismutase needed as cofactor in development
Cu deficiency in utero will cause porencephaly
Cu deficiency post natal is due to Cu in milk
How can you tell the difference between hypomyelinogensis and demyelination?
Presence of gitter cells with demyeliantion
What is hydrocephalus?
Impeded CSF causing increased intracraneal pressure causing atrophy of perivenctricular tissues
What are the 2 chokepoints of CSF?
Mesencephalic aqueduct
Lateral apertures
What is the difference between communicating hydrocephalus and internal hydrocephalus?
Communicating = loss of resorptive function
Obstructive = internal hydrocephalus
How do you diagnose lysosomal storage disorders?
Diagnosed by looking for vacuoles under stained tissue
What is seen histologically of cerebellar abiotrophy
Selective necrosis of purkinje cells
How do you differentiate abiotrophy from hypoplasia?
Abiotrophy is progressive
Wha tis a primary tumor?
Arise within the tissue
What is a secondary tumor?
Spread from elsewhere
What is carcinogenesis?
Normal cell acquires the capacity for autonomous growth
Does the blood brain barrier help prevent immune cells from entering?
NO!
What are the steps of carcinogenesis?
Intiation
Replicaiton
Progression
What are indicators of aggressive biological behavior in the nervous system?
Lack of differentiation
Cells of variable size
Shape
Evidence of rapid growth
Metastasis
If it is a secondary tumor, is it likely malignant?
YES
Does CNS immune cells express MHCII?
NO! Just MHC I
How do we manage damage to CNS through inflammation?
Regulator T cells
In CNS disease, if it suppurative, what shouldd you think first?
Bacteria
What is meningoencephalitis?
Local infection that becomes overwhelmed causing bacteremia leading to clumps releasing and causing an infarct
In CNS if it is granulomatous, what should you think first?
Fungal
In CNS disease, if it is fibrinous, what shoudl you think first?
Pathogen that damages vascular walls
What causes CNS bacterial disease in immune competent animals?
Meningioencephalitis (bacteria covered in antibodies leading to infarct)
What is a bacterial infection through blood stream called?
hematogenous infection
What bacteria travels up peripheral axons?
Listeria
What promotes growth of listeria?
Ensiled forages
What cranial nerve does listeria enter?
Trigeminal
What is the variant of feline enteric coronavirus?
FIP
What is the inclusion body for rabies called?
Negri body
What is the cell target of FIP?
Monocyte
What is the mechanism of CAE?
Autoreactive T cells are formed against oligodendrocytes causing primary demyelination
What can be seen under light microscopy?
Fungi, protozoa, bacteria, and inclusions
What determines if a fungus is in sexual or asexual forms?
Temperature
Are prions inactivated by heat?
NO
Are prions inflammatory?
NO
What is the tear producing glands?
Lacrimal gland and gland of the nictitating membrane
How are prions diagnosed?
Ames Iowa using proteolysis
What is the formula for CN of the eye muscles?
(LR6DO4)3
What is exophthalmus?
Globe is pushed forward
What is buphthasmus?
Globe is enlarged - chronic glaucoma
What is phthisis bulb?
Shrunken, blind globe
What is enophthalmos?
Retraction of globe into the head
What is microphthalmos?
Small globe size
What causes orbital cellulitis?
Migrating foreign bodies or systemic infection
What are clinical signs of orbital cellulitis?
Acute, pain on opening mouth, exophthalmos
What is myositis?
Acute swelling of the muscles of mastication and eventually atrophy
What is trismus?
Swollen firm muscles of mastication (lock jaw)
How do you diagnose trismus?
autoantibodies to 2m muscle fibers
What breed is extraoccular muscle polymyositis common in?
Golden retriever
What type of dogs is traumatic proptosis most common in?
brachycephalic dogs
What is extra ocular muscle polymyositis?
Immune mediated acute swelling of extra ocular muscles
What is a clinical sign of extra ocular muscle polymyositis?
Bilateral exophthalmus
What is the prognosis of orbital neoplasia in most cases?
Grave, malignant
What is traumatic proptosis?
Forward displacement of the globe with entrapment of eyelids
Is orbital neoplasia secondary or primary in dogs?
Primary
Is orbital neoplasia primary or secondary in cats?
secondary
Presence of PLR in traumatic proptosis is a good sign!
What is distichiasis?
Cilia originating from the meibomian gland and exiting from their openings and rubbing on cornea
What is trichiasis?
Cilia or hair from normal location contacting the cornea due to abnormal direction of hair
What is blephorospams/
squinting
What are clinical signs of trichiasis?
Wetting around eye, blephorospasm, maybe ulceration
What species does a coloboma occur in a lot?
cats
What is ectopic cilia?
Cilia originating from meibomian gland but exiting from palpebral conjunctive
What is epiphora?
Tearing
What is a coloboma?
Upper lateral eyelid is not formed
What are clinical signs of ectopic cilia?
very painful, swelling
What is ankyloblepharon?
Physiologic adhesion of the eyelids
What is ophthalmia neonatorum?
Delayed eyelid opening associated with infection under the eyelids
What is the bacteria for ophthalmia neonatorium in dogs? in cats?
dog- Staph
cat - Herpes
What is macroblepharon?
Widening of the eyes
What is spastic entropion?
Chronic blepharospasm usually associated with chronic ulcer
What are the 4 types of acquired entropion?
Spastic entropion
Cicatricial entropion
Aeromegaly (intact cats, fat cheeks)
Age-related
What is cicatricial entropion?
Spastic entropion with resulting fibrosis of the orbicular muscle
What is the most common neoplasm is dogs?
Meibomian gland adenoma
What is ectropion?
Outward turning of the eyelid margins causing ocular surface
What are the 4 most common eyelid neoplasias?
Meibomian gland adenoma, squamous cell, papilloma, melanoma
What can ectropion cause?
Keratitis and conjunctivitis
What should you always do with an eyelid neoplasia?
Evert eyelid to see full extent
What is the most common neoplasia in cats, cows, and horses?
Squamous cell carcinoma
How do you diagnose SCC?
biopsy
Are eyelid neoplasias normally benign?
Yes
What are 4 most common sites for a equid SCC?
Eyelid, medial cants, 3rd eyelid, lateral corneal limbus
What are the 3 most common cancers in horse eyelid?
SCC
fibrosarcoma
melanoma
What type of horse is most likely to get a melanoma?
Grey horse
What causes bovine SCC?
White faced cows
UV light
Herfords
Papilloma virus
What does blepharitis mean?
Inflammatory condition of the eyelid
What 2 types of mites can be found around eyelid?
Sarcoptes
Demodex
Which mite, sarcoptes and demodex, causes puritus?
Sarcoptes
