Comprehensive Questions Flashcards
What is it called when an end product speeds up its own production?
positive feedback
What are the four kingdoms of domain eukarya?
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
Protista
What are the 10 levels of Biological Organization?
Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism Organs and Organ Systems Tissue Cell Organelles Molecule
What is a hypothesis?
A tentative answer to a well framed question
What is biology’s core theme?
Evolution
What type of reasoning proceeds from general observations to specific predictions?
Deductive reasoning
What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative data?
Quantitative is numerical.
Qualitative is descriptive.
What is Biology’s Central Dogma?
DNA –> RNA –> Protein
What are the two major processes of Ecosystem dynamics?
- Chemical Nutrients Recycle
2. Energy Flows
What are the two main types of cells?
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic
What are the three domains organisms are divided into?
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya
What is the mechanism behind evolution that Darwin proposed?
Natural Selection
Give 3 examples of abiotic factors that exist in an ecosystem.
water, rocks, lawn mowers,
anything not alive
The ____________ is life’s fundamental unit of structure and function.
cell
What is the ultimate source of energy for living things?
the sun
What is the fundamental unit of life?
the cell
What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and diversity of life?
DNA
What are the seven characteristics of life?
Order Evolutionary Adaption Response to Environment Reproduction Growth and Development Energy Processing Regulation
An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis is a___.
theory
All the organisms on your campus make up a ___.
community
A ______ is a tentative answer to a well-framed question.
hypothesis
What is the strongest type of chemical bond?
covalent bond
What is a positively charged ion called?
cation
A ________ is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio, Ex: H2O.
compound
Two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons are__.
isotope
The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms is a _________.
covalent bond
These kind of elements are required by and organism in only very small amounts.
trace elements
Where can an electron be found 90% of the time?
in an orbital
An atom has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 17. How many protons, neutrons and electrons does it have?
P = 8 N = 9 E = 8
List the three subatomic particles that make up an atom and their charges.
Proton (+)
Electron (-)
Neutron (no charge)
Is a hydrogen bond a strong or a weak chemical bond?
weak
List three types of bonds.
Covalent Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
What is anything that takes up space and has mass?
Matter
What is it called when the forward and reverse rates of a reaction are equal?
Chemical Equilibrium
What is an attraction between ions of opposite charge?
Ionic bond
What are electrons found in the outermost electron shell called?
Valence Electrons
What type of interaction makes it possible for geckos to stick to a wall?
Van der Waals Interactions
The number of protons and the number of neutrons equals the _____.
Mass Number
What is the name for a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions?
Element
What is electronegativity?
An atom’s attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond.
Draw the electron shell diagram of an atom with mass number 13 and atomic number of 7.
??????
How many electrons fit into the first electron energy shell?
Two
What is adhesion?
An attraction between different substances, for example between water and plant cell walls.
(water sticking to other stuff)
When a substance does not have an affinity for water or it is “water hating”, it is called__________. Water loving is called __________.
hydrophobic; hydrophilic
Water molecules ability to stick to other water molecules is known as _______________.
Cohesion
Name water’s four emergent properties.
- Cohesive Behavior
- Ability to Moderate Temperature
- Expansion Upon Freezing
- Versatility as a Solvent
A compound that donates hydrogen ions to a solution is an ________.
Acid
How difficult is it to stretch or break the surface of a liquid?
??????
A substance that minimizes changes in concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution is called a _______.
Buffer
How many particles are in one mole?
6.02 x 10^23 molecules
What is an aqueous solution?
One in which water is the solvent
What are the Celsius temperatures of the following conditions? body temperature, ice freezing, water boiling, room temperature?
0 - Where water/ice freezes
25 - Room Temperature
37 - Body Temperature
100 - Where water boils
What is the difference between a solvent and a solute?
- A solvent is the dissolving agent of a solution (the wet stuff, water, alcohol, etc).
- A solute is the substance that is being dissolved (the powdery like stuff, salt, sugar, etc).
Determine the pH when the [OH-] = 10^-4
pH = 10
Which has higher heat the ocean or a person?
The ocean has more heat
A sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion is known as a __________.
Hydration Shell
The water molecule is a ___________ _____________: the opposite ends have opposite charges.
polar molecule
Ammonia has a pH of 11.6. Is it an acid, base, or neutral?
Base
What is the dissolving agent of a solution?
Solvent
Water is a very versatile solvent because water molecules are ___.
polar, which allows it to form hydrogen bonds easily.
As a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down, this is called?
Evaporative Cooling
What is the name for the property that describes how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid?
Surface Tension
The burning of fossil fuels increases the amount of ______ in the atmosphere.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Isomers that are mirror images of each other are called _____.
Enantiomers
What are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties.
Isomers
What are the chemical symbols and valences of the four most common elements in living organisms?
??????
The study of compounds that contain carbon is ____________.
Organic Chemistry
Name and draw two of the seven biologically important functional groups.
??????
Which functional group can act as an acid?
Carboxyl
What are the three types of isomers?
- Structural Isomers
- Cis-trans Isomers
- Enantiomers
What organic molecules consist of only hydrogen & carbon?
Hydrocarbons
What is the primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell?
ATP
What type of isomer has double bonds?
Cis-trans Isomers
Differentiate between ketones and aldehydes.
- Ketones are when its found in the middle.
- Aldehydes are when its found at the end.
Who showed abiotic synthesis of organic compounds?
Stanley Miller
Which functional group is important in protein cross-links?
Sulfhydryl
Which functional group is responsible for affecting gene expression?
Methyl
What element do all organic compounds contain?
Carbon
Which functional group contains nitrogen?
Amino
Are hydrocarbons hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophobic
________ is a belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws.
Vitalism
What type of bonds does Carbon make?
Covalent Bonds
When water is lost between two monomers, what process is occurring?
Dehydration Reaction
Name the two storage polysaccharides.
Starch and Glycogen
What forms the exoskeleton of arthropods?
Chitin
The bond between two monosaccharides is called a ________.
glycosidic linkage
Draw the structure of an amino acid.
??????
What are the two general structures found at the secondary level of protein folding?
a helix
and
B pleated sheet
What kind of bond holds together amino acids?
peptide bonds
Linking multiple monomers together results in the creation of a ___.
polymer
What are the four macromolecules and their monomers?
- Carbohydrates- monosaccharides
- lipids- none
- proteins- amino acids
- nucleic acids- nucleotides
What are the two purines?
adenine and guanine
What is the name of the proteins that assist in the proper folding of other proteins?
Chaperonins
Glucose + Glucose = ___________.
maltose
The overall three dimensional of a single polypeptide it the ___.
??????
Building blocks of polymers are called_________.
monomers
What are the three components of a nucleotide.
a nitrogenous base,
a phosphate group,
a sugar
What are the three types of lipids?
fats
phospholipids
steroids
What is the function of glycogen?
storage
What is the molecular formula for Glucose?
C6H12O6
When proteins lose their correct formation and “melt” this is called ____.
denaturation
________ fats are solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fats are ___________ at room temperature.
saturated; liquid
Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary are levels of what structure?
protein
What are the four things plants have that animals do not have?
chloroplasts
central vacuole and tonoplast
cell wall
plasmodesmata
What is a cytoplasmic channel through cell walls that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells?
gap junction
____ cells are usually larger than ___ cells.
eukaryotic; prokaryotic
Where is most of the DNA located in a Eukaryotic cell?
nucleus
List three things in animal cells but not in plant cells.
lysosomes, centrioles, flagella
What is the name for the semifluid, jellylike substance inside all cells?
cytosol
Where does cellular respiration take place?
mitochondria
What is the major limitation of a light microscope?
most subcellular structures, including organelles, are too small to be resolved (seen) by it
What makes the smooth ER different from the rough ER?
the smooth ER lacks ribosomes
Which organelle recycles damaged or old organelles?
lysosomes
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
modify, package, and shipping
List the three fibers that make up the cytoskeleton of a cell.
microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
What is the purpose of a tight junction?
prevent leakage of extracellular fluid
The Nuclear envelope, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles and Plasma membrane make up what in a Eukaryotic cell?
Endomembrane System
What cellular structure is made up ribosomal RNA and is responsible for protein synthesis?
ribosomes
A substance moving from outside the cell into the cytoplasm must pass through what?
??????
What are the three types of cellular junctions in animal cells?
tight junctions
desmosomes
gap junctions
What is a stack of thylakoids called?
granum (grana)
What takes cells apart and separate the major organelles from one another?
cell fractionation
What are three structures that all cells have in common?
plasma membrane
cytosol
chromosomes
ribosomes
What is the scientific name for plant cells in a hypotonic solution?
turgid
What kind of cell transport requires no work?
passive transport
What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic environment?
it becomes shriveled/crenate
What is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane?
osmosis
The plasma membrane exhibits the ability to allow some substances to cross it more easily than others. Therefore we say that the plasma membrane is ____________________
selectively permeable
Draw a phospholipid, and label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.
??????
Heat is an example of _______ energy and chemical energy is and example of ________ energy.
kinetic; potential
Active transport requires the presence of ______ and ______. This transport moves molecules ____________ their concentration gradient.
transport proteins and ATP (Energy) ; against
What are three things that the permeability of a membrane to a solute depends on?
- size of molecule
- polarity of molecule
- presence/absence of transport proteins in the membrane
What type of channel protein facilitates the passage of water?
aquaporins
What is the purpose of cholesterol in a membrane when it is cold? When it is hot?
- At cold temperatures, it maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing.
- At hot temperatures, it restrains movement of phospholipids.
What are the two types of transport proteins?
Channel proteins
and
carrier proteins
What are the three types of endocytosis?
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
What is the major electrogenic pump in plants?
proton pump
A 20% NaCl solution is separated from a 10% NaCl solution by a membrane that is permeable only to water. What will move? Which direction will the molecules move?
??????
The diffusion of substances across a membrane that requires no energy is called what?
passive transport
Using scientific terminology describe a plant cell placed in a hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solution.
- hypertonic - plasmolyzed
- hypotonic- turgid
- isotonic- flaccid
When a membrane protein enables the “downhill” diffusion of one solute to drive the “uphill” transport of the other it is called _____ of two solutes.
cotransport ??
What is a molecule called that contains both hydrophobic/phillic regions?
amphipathic molecules
or
phospholipids
What moves substances against their concentration gradients?
transport proteins
What is the name for energy that matter possesses because of its location or chemical structure?
??????
