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Biology 1406 > Comprehensive Questions > Flashcards

Comprehensive Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is it called when an end product speeds up its own production?

A

positive feedback

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2
Q

What are the four kingdoms of domain eukarya?

A

Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
Protista

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3
Q

What are the 10 levels of Biological Organization?

A 
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
Organs and Organ Systems
Tissue
Cell
Organelles
Molecule
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4
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A tentative answer to a well framed question

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5
Q

What is biology’s core theme?

A

Evolution

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6
Q

What type of reasoning proceeds from general observations to specific predictions?

A

Deductive reasoning

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7
Q

What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative data?

A

Quantitative is numerical.

Qualitative is descriptive.

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8
Q

What is Biology’s Central Dogma?

A

DNA –> RNA –> Protein

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9
Q

What are the two major processes of Ecosystem dynamics?

A
  1. Chemical Nutrients Recycle

2. Energy Flows

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10
Q

What are the two main types of cells?

A

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

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11
Q

What are the three domains organisms are divided into?

A

Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya

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12
Q

What is the mechanism behind evolution that Darwin proposed?

A

Natural Selection

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13
Q

Give 3 examples of abiotic factors that exist in an ecosystem.

A

water, rocks, lawn mowers,

anything not alive

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14
Q

The ____________ is life’s fundamental unit of structure and function.

A

cell

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15
Q

What is the ultimate source of energy for living things?

A

the sun

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16
Q

What is the fundamental unit of life?

A

the cell

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17
Q

What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and diversity of life?

A

DNA

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18
Q

What are the seven characteristics of life?

A 
Order
Evolutionary Adaption
Response to Environment
Reproduction
Growth and Development
Energy Processing
Regulation
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19
Q

An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis is a___.

A

theory

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20
Q

All the organisms on your campus make up a ___.

A

community

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21
Q

A ______ is a tentative answer to a well-framed question.

A

hypothesis

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22
Q

What is the strongest type of chemical bond?

A

covalent bond

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23
Q

What is a positively charged ion called?

A

cation

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24
Q

A ________ is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio, Ex: H2O.

A

compound

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25
Q

Two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons are__.

A

isotope

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26
Q

The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms is a _________.

A

covalent bond

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27
Q

These kind of elements are required by and organism in only very small amounts.

A

trace elements

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28
Q

Where can an electron be found 90% of the time?

A

in an orbital

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29
Q

An atom has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 17. How many protons, neutrons and electrons does it have?

A 
P = 8
N = 9
E = 8
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30
Q

List the three subatomic particles that make up an atom and their charges.

A

Proton (+)
Electron (-)
Neutron (no charge)

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31
Q

Is a hydrogen bond a strong or a weak chemical bond?

A

weak

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32
Q

List three types of bonds.

A

Covalent Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds

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33
Q

What is anything that takes up space and has mass?

A

Matter

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34
Q

What is it called when the forward and reverse rates of a reaction are equal?

A

Chemical Equilibrium

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35
Q

What is an attraction between ions of opposite charge?

A

Ionic bond

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36
Q

What are electrons found in the outermost electron shell called?

A

Valence Electrons

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37
Q

What type of interaction makes it possible for geckos to stick to a wall?

A

Van der Waals Interactions

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38
Q

The number of protons and the number of neutrons equals the _____.

A

Mass Number

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39
Q

What is the name for a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions?

A

Element

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40
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

An atom’s attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond.

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41
Q

Draw the electron shell diagram of an atom with mass number 13 and atomic number of 7.

A

??????

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42
Q

How many electrons fit into the first electron energy shell?

A

Two

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43
Q

What is adhesion?

A

An attraction between different substances, for example between water and plant cell walls.
(water sticking to other stuff)

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44
Q

When a substance does not have an affinity for water or it is “water hating”, it is called__________. Water loving is called __________.

A

hydrophobic; hydrophilic

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45
Q

Water molecules ability to stick to other water molecules is known as _______________.

A

Cohesion

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46
Q

Name water’s four emergent properties.

A
  1. Cohesive Behavior
  2. Ability to Moderate Temperature
  3. Expansion Upon Freezing
  4. Versatility as a Solvent
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47
Q

A compound that donates hydrogen ions to a solution is an ________.

A

Acid

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48
Q

How difficult is it to stretch or break the surface of a liquid?

A

??????

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49
Q

A substance that minimizes changes in concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution is called a _______.

A

Buffer

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50
Q

How many particles are in one mole?

A

6.02 x 10^23 molecules

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51
Q

What is an aqueous solution?

A

One in which water is the solvent

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52
Q

What are the Celsius temperatures of the following conditions? body temperature, ice freezing, water boiling, room temperature?

A

0 - Where water/ice freezes
25 - Room Temperature
37 - Body Temperature
100 - Where water boils

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53
Q

What is the difference between a solvent and a solute?

A
  • A solvent is the dissolving agent of a solution (the wet stuff, water, alcohol, etc).
  • A solute is the substance that is being dissolved (the powdery like stuff, salt, sugar, etc).
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54
Q

Determine the pH when the [OH-] = 10^-4

A

pH = 10

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55
Q

Which has higher heat the ocean or a person?

A

The ocean has more heat

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56
Q

A sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion is known as a __________.

A

Hydration Shell

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57
Q

The water molecule is a ___________ _____________: the opposite ends have opposite charges.

A

polar molecule

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58
Q

Ammonia has a pH of 11.6. Is it an acid, base, or neutral?

A

Base

59
Q

What is the dissolving agent of a solution?

A

Solvent

60
Q

Water is a very versatile solvent because water molecules are ___.

A

polar, which allows it to form hydrogen bonds easily.

61
Q

As a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down, this is called?

A

Evaporative Cooling

62
Q

What is the name for the property that describes how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid?

A

Surface Tension

63
Q

The burning of fossil fuels increases the amount of ______ in the atmosphere.

A

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

64
Q

Isomers that are mirror images of each other are called _____.

A

Enantiomers

65
Q

What are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties.

A

Isomers

66
Q

What are the chemical symbols and valences of the four most common elements in living organisms?

A

??????

67
Q

The study of compounds that contain carbon is ____________.

A

Organic Chemistry

68
Q

Name and draw two of the seven biologically important functional groups.

A

??????

69
Q

Which functional group can act as an acid?

A

Carboxyl

70
Q

What are the three types of isomers?

A
  • Structural Isomers
  • Cis-trans Isomers
  • Enantiomers
71
Q

What organic molecules consist of only hydrogen & carbon?

A

Hydrocarbons

72
Q

What is the primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell?

A

ATP

73
Q

What type of isomer has double bonds?

A

Cis-trans Isomers

74
Q

Differentiate between ketones and aldehydes.

A
  • Ketones are when its found in the middle.

- Aldehydes are when its found at the end.

75
Q

Who showed abiotic synthesis of organic compounds?

A

Stanley Miller

76
Q

Which functional group is important in protein cross-links?

A

Sulfhydryl

77
Q

Which functional group is responsible for affecting gene expression?

A

Methyl

78
Q

What element do all organic compounds contain?

A

Carbon

79
Q

Which functional group contains nitrogen?

A

Amino

80
Q

Are hydrocarbons hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophobic

81
Q

________ is a belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws.

A

Vitalism

82
Q

What type of bonds does Carbon make?

A

Covalent Bonds

83
Q

When water is lost between two monomers, what process is occurring?

A

Dehydration Reaction

84
Q

Name the two storage polysaccharides.

A

Starch and Glycogen

85
Q

What forms the exoskeleton of arthropods?

A

Chitin

86
Q

The bond between two monosaccharides is called a ________.

A

glycosidic linkage

87
Q

Draw the structure of an amino acid.

A

??????

88
Q

What are the two general structures found at the secondary level of protein folding?

A

a helix
and
B pleated sheet

89
Q

What kind of bond holds together amino acids?

A

peptide bonds

90
Q

Linking multiple monomers together results in the creation of a ___.

A

polymer

91
Q

What are the four macromolecules and their monomers?

A
  • Carbohydrates- monosaccharides
  • lipids- none
  • proteins- amino acids
  • nucleic acids- nucleotides
92
Q

What are the two purines?

A

adenine and guanine

93
Q

What is the name of the proteins that assist in the proper folding of other proteins?

A

Chaperonins

94
Q

Glucose + Glucose = ___________.

A

maltose

95
Q

The overall three dimensional of a single polypeptide it the ___.

A

??????

96
Q

Building blocks of polymers are called_________.

A

monomers

97
Q

What are the three components of a nucleotide.

A

a nitrogenous base,
a phosphate group,
a sugar

98
Q

What are the three types of lipids?

A

fats
phospholipids
steroids

99
Q

What is the function of glycogen?

A

storage

100
Q

What is the molecular formula for Glucose?

A

C6H12O6

101
Q

When proteins lose their correct formation and “melt” this is called ____.

A

denaturation

102
Q

________ fats are solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fats are ___________ at room temperature.

A

saturated; liquid

103
Q

Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary are levels of what structure?

A

protein

104
Q

What are the four things plants have that animals do not have?

A

chloroplasts
central vacuole and tonoplast
cell wall
plasmodesmata

105
Q

What is a cytoplasmic channel through cell walls that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells?

A

gap junction

106
Q

____ cells are usually larger than ___ cells.

A

eukaryotic; prokaryotic

107
Q

Where is most of the DNA located in a Eukaryotic cell?

A

nucleus

108
Q

List three things in animal cells but not in plant cells.

A

lysosomes, centrioles, flagella

109
Q

What is the name for the semifluid, jellylike substance inside all cells?

A

cytosol

110
Q

Where does cellular respiration take place?

A

mitochondria

111
Q

What is the major limitation of a light microscope?

A

most subcellular structures, including organelles, are too small to be resolved (seen) by it

112
Q

What makes the smooth ER different from the rough ER?

A

the smooth ER lacks ribosomes

113
Q

Which organelle recycles damaged or old organelles?

A

lysosomes

114
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

modify, package, and shipping

115
Q

List the three fibers that make up the cytoskeleton of a cell.

A

microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments

116
Q

What is the purpose of a tight junction?

A

prevent leakage of extracellular fluid

117
Q

The Nuclear envelope, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles and Plasma membrane make up what in a Eukaryotic cell?

A

Endomembrane System

118
Q

What cellular structure is made up ribosomal RNA and is responsible for protein synthesis?

A

ribosomes

119
Q

A substance moving from outside the cell into the cytoplasm must pass through what?

A

??????

120
Q

What are the three types of cellular junctions in animal cells?

A

tight junctions
desmosomes
gap junctions

121
Q

What is a stack of thylakoids called?

A

granum (grana)

122
Q

What takes cells apart and separate the major organelles from one another?

A

cell fractionation

123
Q

What are three structures that all cells have in common?

A

plasma membrane
cytosol
chromosomes
ribosomes

124
Q

What is the scientific name for plant cells in a hypotonic solution?

A

turgid

125
Q

What kind of cell transport requires no work?

A

passive transport

126
Q

What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic environment?

A

it becomes shriveled/crenate

127
Q

What is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane?

A

osmosis

128
Q

The plasma membrane exhibits the ability to allow some substances to cross it more easily than others. Therefore we say that the plasma membrane is ____________________

A

selectively permeable

129
Q

Draw a phospholipid, and label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.

A

??????

130
Q

Heat is an example of _______ energy and chemical energy is and example of ________ energy.

A

kinetic; potential

131
Q

Active transport requires the presence of ______ and ______. This transport moves molecules ____________ their concentration gradient.

A

transport proteins and ATP (Energy) ; against

132
Q

What are three things that the permeability of a membrane to a solute depends on?

A
  • size of molecule
  • polarity of molecule
  • presence/absence of transport proteins in the membrane
133
Q

What type of channel protein facilitates the passage of water?

A

aquaporins

134
Q

What is the purpose of cholesterol in a membrane when it is cold? When it is hot?

A
  • At cold temperatures, it maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing.
  • At hot temperatures, it restrains movement of phospholipids.
135
Q

What are the two types of transport proteins?

A

Channel proteins
and
carrier proteins

136
Q

What are the three types of endocytosis?

A

phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis

137
Q

What is the major electrogenic pump in plants?

A

proton pump

138
Q

A 20% NaCl solution is separated from a 10% NaCl solution by a membrane that is permeable only to water. What will move? Which direction will the molecules move?

A

??????

139
Q

The diffusion of substances across a membrane that requires no energy is called what?

A

passive transport

140
Q

Using scientific terminology describe a plant cell placed in a hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solution.

A
  • hypertonic - plasmolyzed
  • hypotonic- turgid
  • isotonic- flaccid
141
Q

When a membrane protein enables the “downhill” diffusion of one solute to drive the “uphill” transport of the other it is called _____ of two solutes.

A

cotransport ??

142
Q

What is a molecule called that contains both hydrophobic/phillic regions?

A

amphipathic molecules
or
phospholipids

143
Q

What moves substances against their concentration gradients?

A

transport proteins

144
Q

What is the name for energy that matter possesses because of its location or chemical structure?

A

??????

Biology 1406 (53 decks)

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