Chapter 5 and 27

Question 1

Macromolecules are polymers, built from

Answer 1

monomers

Question 2

List the four major classes of macromolecules and their monomers

Answer 2

Carbohydrates- Monosaccharides
Lipids- no monomers
Proteins- Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids- Nucleotides

Question 3

Distinguish between monomers and polymers

Answer 3

A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks.
example: like 4 expo markers being put together and forming a long stick

Monomers are the small building-block molecules that made up a polymer.
Example: One of the expo markers would be a monomer.

Question 4

Draw diagrams to illustrate condensation (dehydration reaction) and hydrolysis reactions

Answer 4

Dehydration reaction (condensation):
synthesizing a polymer.
This occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss/production of a water molecule.
Building up.
Remove water from something (Dehydrate it) and removing the water will cause things to build up/stick together
-Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond.

Hydrolysis Reactions:
breaking down a polymer.
This is a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction.
Add water then it will break apart. The breaking apart happens after you add the water molecule.
-Hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond.

Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis.

Question 5

Carbohydrates serve as

Answer 5

fuel and building materials

Question 6

Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

Answer 6

Monosaccharides: single sugars. The simplest carbohydrates.

Disaccharides: two monosaccharides.
Structure- two monosaccharides joined.
A disaccharide is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides.
Function- don’t worry about

Polysaccharides: polymers composed of many sugar building blocks.

Carbohydrate macromolecules are polysaccharides.

Question 7

Describe the structure and function of a monosaccharide

Answer 7

Structure- molecule formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O (1:2:1 ratio)

Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common monosaccharide.
Vary in length, location of carbonyl, isomers

Function- major fuel for cells (food, energy). Raw material for building molecules.

When wet (aqueous solution) they form rings, when dry they form straight lines.

Question 8

List the three disaccharides and their component monosaccharides

Answer 8

glucose + fructose= sucrose
glucose + glucose= maltose
glucose + galactose= lactose

Question 9

Describe the specific type of bond that holds together monosaccharides

Answer 9

Monosaccharides are held together by a type of covalent bond called a Glycosidic linkage.

This bond is seen when a disaccharide is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides.

Question 10

Distinguish between the glycosidic linkages found in starch and cellulose. Explain why the difference is biologically important.

(((((FINISH ANSWERING THIS ONE!!!))))

Answer 10

Starch- a (alpha) glucose
These are helical

Cellulose- B (beta) glucose
These are straight.
These can form strong building materials for plants.

Question 11

What is the structure and function of starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin?

Answer 11

Starch:
Structure- a polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers
1-4 a (alpha) linkages
A helical shape
(Plants- a (alpha) glucose
Function- plants store surplus starch as granules within chloroplasts and other plastids.
(Storage)
Amylose- simple starch. Unbranched.
Amylopectin- complex starch. A few branch points.

Glycogen:
Structure- glycogen is a polysaccharide in animals. All glucose monomers. highly branched.
(Animals- glucose)
Function- humans and other vertebrates store glycogen mainly in liver and muscle cells. Stores only last 24 hours. This is how we store energy.
(Storage)

Cellulose:
Structure- LIke starch, cellulose is a polymer of glucose, but the glycosidic linkages differ. The difference is based on two ring forms for glucose: alpha (a) and beta (B).
(Plants- B (beta) glucose)
Function- The polysaccharide cellulose is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells. Made up of 100s of glucoses that only plants make. Structural.
(Structure)

Chitin:
Structure- ???
Function- Chitin, another structural polysaccharide, is found in the exoskeleton of anthropods. (the crunch sound when step on bugs).
(Structural)

Question 12

Describe the role of symbiosis in cellulose digestion by animals

Answer 12

..

Question 13

Lipids are a diverse group of

Answer 13

hydrophobic molecules

Question 14

Describe the building-block molecules, structure, and biological importance of fats, phospholipids, and steroids.

Answer 14

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