Chapters 3 & 4 Flashcards
Water molecules have a polarity, which allows them to be electrically attracted to other water molecules and other polar molecules by weak chemical bonds known as _____.
hydrogen bonds
Many of water’s emergent properties, such as its cohesion, its high specific heat, and its high heat of vaporization, result from the fact that water molecules _____.
are attracted to each other by partial negative and positive charges on the oxygen and hydrogen atoms, respectively
The amount of energy that must be absorbed or lost to raise or lower the temperature of 1 g of liquid water by 1°C _____.
is 1 calorie
Because organisms are made primarily of water, they resist rapid temperature changes. This useful quality is based on water’s _____.
high specific heat
Water has a high specific heat, meaning that
a relatively large amount of heat must be added or removed in order to get the temperature of the water to change significantly.
The specific heat of liquid water is
1 cal/g/°C
The formation of hydrogen bonds between the positive and negative regions of different water molecules accounts for
most of water’s unique properties.
The polarity of a water molecule allows the oxygen of one water molecule to
bond weakly to the hydrogen of another water molecule.
Sodas typically contain sugar, flavorings, coloring agents, and carbon dioxide dissolved in water. The best term to describe this mixture would be _____.
an aqueous solution
If the molecular mass of a carbon atom is 12, the mass of a hydrogen atom is 1, and the mass of an oxygen atom is 16 daltons, how many molecules does one mole of table sugar (sucrose; C12H22O11) contain?
6.02 x 10^23
the number of molecules in one mole of any substance is
6.02 x 10^23
An acid is a substance that _____.
increases the hydrogen ion concentration of an aqueous solution
As an acid dissociates, it
donates a hydrogen ion to the solution
A pH of 6 is how many times more acidic than a pH of 9?
1,000
A pH of 6 is
10 times more acidic than 7, which is 10 times more acidic than 8, which is 10 times more acidic than 9. 10 x 10 x 10 = 1,000.
A buffer
resists change in pH by accepting hydrogen ions when acids are added to the solution and donating hydrogen ions when bases are added.
Buffers minimize the change in the _____ of a solution.
pH