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Physical Education > Component 1 (harder topics) > Flashcards

Component 1 (harder topics) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of short bones? Give an example

A

Help provide stability and support with little movement e.g carpals and tarsal

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2
Q

What are pivot joints? Give an example

A

Allows bones to rotate e.g rotating our neck

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3
Q

What are ball and socket joints? Give an example

A

Allows movement in any direction e,g at hips or shoulders

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4
Q

What are condyloid joints? Give an example

A

Allows flexion, extension, adduction and abduction e.g wrist

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5
Q

Whats the difference between adduction and abduction?

A

Add-moves towards the midline of the body

Abd- moves away from the midline of the body

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6
Q

What is circumduction?

A

The circular movement of a limb extending from the joint

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7
Q

What is rotation?

A

A turning or rotating movement around a single axis

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8
Q

When extending the leg what are the antagonistic muscle pairs ?

A

Agonist- quadricep

Antagonist- hamstrings

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9
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?

A

Support, movement, protection, red blood cell production (in bone marrow), mineral storage (calcium + phosphorus in bones)

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10
Q

What are the 5 sections of the spine?(top to bottom)

A

Cervical vertebrae, Thoracic vertebrae, Lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

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11
Q

What is an isometric muscle contraction? Give an example

A

When there is no change in joint angle and muscle length during these contractions e.g performing a plank

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12
Q

There are 2 types of isotonic contractions, concentric and eccentric, explain them and give an example

A

Concentric- muscles shorten as muscle fibres contract e.g liflting phase of a bicep curl
Eccentric- muscle lengthens as muscle fibres contract e.g lowering phase of a bicep curl

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13
Q

What are Type 1 (slow twitch) muscle fibres? Give an example of an athlete that would need them more

A

Have slow contaction velocity, very resistant to fatigue, provide energy aerobically, best for marathon runners

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14
Q

What are Type 2a (fast twitch) muscle fibres? Give an example of an athlete that would need them more

A

Produce fast + strong muscle contractions but are more prone to fatigue than type 1
Best for 800m runner

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15
Q

What are Type 2x (fast twitch) muscle fibres? Give an example of an athlete that would need them more

A

Anaerobic, extremely fast muscle contractions to produce short, fast bursts of power and rapid fatigue
Best for 100m runners

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16
Q

Define stroke volume

A

the volume of blood the heart ejects In one contraction

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17
Q

Define cardiac output

A

Amount of blood pumped out the left ventricle in one minute

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18
Q

There are two phases of how the heart pumps blood in and out of the heart, what are they called and what happens in each one?

A

1- Systole, the heart’s two ventricles contract pushing blood out
2- Diastole, heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood

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19
Q

Define blood pressure

A

The amount of force that the heart uses to pump blood around the body ( high blood pressure is not good)

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20
Q

Define vascular shunting

A

During exercise blood distribution increases, so heart beats faster and blood vessels constrict

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21
Q

What is the acronymn to remember all the lever classes?

A 
FLE123
When F middle= 1st class
When L middle= 2nd class
When E middle= 3rd class
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22
Q

What is a fulcrum, a load and an effort? (Levers)

A

F- where it rotates (joint)
L- force applied
E- force going against load (muscles)

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23
Q

How does a leaver work?

A

When you exercise, your muscles pull on your bones creating movement, acting as levers

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24
Q

What is a first class lever?Give an example

A

Fulcrum in middle

E.g flexion of the neck

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25
Q

What is a second class lever?Give an example

A

The load is in the middle

E.g plantar flexion at the ankle

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26
Q

What is a third class lever?Give an example

A

The effort is in the middle

E.g flesion at the elbow (lifting a dumbbell)

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27
Q

What is a mechanically disadvantaged lever system?

A

When the fulcrum is closer to the effort than the load causing the output force to be less than the imput force (effort)

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28
Q

What is a mechanically advantaged lever system?

A

When the fulcrum is closer to the load that the effort causing the output force to be greater than the input force(effort)

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29
Q

Movements have to be ……. to the plane

A

Parallel

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30
Q

What is the sagittal plane? What movements does it allow? give examples

A

Runs vertically from front to back and divides the body into right and left parts, allows flexion and extension e.g bicep curls or running

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31
Q

What is the Frontal plane? What movements does it allow? give examples

A

Runs vertically from side to side and divides the body into front and back parts, allows abdduction and adduction e.g star jump

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32
Q

What is the Transverse plane? What movements does it allows? give examples

A

Rubs horizontally and divides the body into top and bottom parts, allows for rotation e.g golf swing

33
Q

What is the Frontal axis? Perpendicular to which plane?

A

Runs horizontally from side to side perpendicular to saggital plane

34
Q

What is the sagittal axis?Perpendicular to which plane?

A

Runs horizontally from front to back, perpendicular frontal plane

35
Q

What is the vertical axis? Perpendicular to which plane?

A

Runs vertically top to bottom, perpendicular to the transverse plane

36
Q

What is an axis?

A

An axis is a straight line around which an object rotates

37
Q

Name the planes and axis a person moves in when performing a somersaults

A

Sagittal plane, frontal axis

38
Q

Name the planes and axis a person moves in when performing A cartwheel

A

Frontal, saggital axis

39
Q

Name the planes and axis a person moves in when performing A twist jump on a trampoline

A

Transverse plane, vertical axis

40
Q

What is an endomorph?

A

Round and heavy person

41
Q

What is a mesomorph?

A

athletic build

42
Q

What is ectomorph?

A

tall and thin

43
Q

Whats the equation to calculate somones maximum heart rate?

A

220- age=MHR

44
Q

What is the aerobic training threshold? Give some examples

A

60-80% of MHR, long-distance swimming or jogging

45
Q

What is the anaerobic trainning threshold? Give an exmaple

A

80%+ MRH, weightlifting or sprinting

46
Q

What are the long term effects of exercise on the muscular-skeletal system?( give 2)

A
  • increased strength of ligaments + tendons
  • Muscle hypertrophy
  • increased bone density
47
Q

What are the long term effects of exercise on the cardio-respiratory system? (Give 3)

A
  • decreased resting heart rate
  • increased stroke volume
  • increased number if red blood cells
  • increased number of alveoli
  • increased lung capacity+ vital capacity
48
Q

Whats the equation to workout someones cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output= stroke volume X heart rate

49
Q

Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of continous training

A

Ad- limited equipment, easy to monitor progress

Dis- time comsuming, can be repetitive and boring

50
Q

Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of Fartlek training

A

Ad- develops both aerobic + anaerobic systems, can be adapted to suit most sports
Dis- can be repetitive and boring, difficult to monitor work rate

51
Q

Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of Interval training

A

Ad- easy to monitor progress, develops both aerobic+ anaerobic systems
Dis- very exhausting, requires a lot of commitment

52
Q

Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of Circuit training

A

Ad- more intersting/fun, can be adapted to work on different componets of fitness
Dis- a lot of equipment needed, a lot of space needed

53
Q

Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of Weight training

A

Ad- can be adapted to improve either muscular stregth or endurance, easy to monitor progress
Dis- require specialist equipment, can cause serious injury if bad techniques used

54
Q

Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of Plyometrics training

A

Ad- no equipment needed, only training that directly improves power
Dis- very demanding on muscles and joints, high risk of injury

55
Q

What are the 5 ways to prevent injury in sport?

A
  • warm up + cool down
  • protective equip/ clothing
  • checking equipment/ facilites are safe
  • playing to the rules of the sport
  • unsing correct principles of training(meet individual needs)
56
Q

What do Beta blockers do?In what sports is it advantageous? Give 2 side effects

A

They lower heart rate, which is advantageous in precision sports (e.g archery)
S.E- insomnia, low blood pressure

57
Q

What do Stimulants do? In what sports is it advantageous? Give 2 side effects

A

They can increase brain activity and enhance metal and physical alertness. Advantageous in sports with high aggression(rugby) + enedurance events
S.E- insomnia, addiction

58
Q

What do Anabolic steroids do? In what sports is it advantageous? Give 2 side effects

A

Mimics testosterone which promotes muslce growth so athletes can train harder + longer. Advantageous in sports thta require strength e.g weightlifting
S.E- aggression/ mood swings, high blood pressure

59
Q

What do Narcotics/Analgesics do? Give 2 side effects

A

They temporarily reduce pain by repressing the cetral nervous system. This allows athletes to continue to compete despite being injured
S.E- further damage to injury, loss of concentration/ coordination

60
Q

What do Diuretics do?In what sports is it advantageous? Give 2 side effects

A

Increases the rate of unrine production+ reduces amount of fluid in body, which helps lose weight. Also help mask the presence of other banned substances in urine. Advantages for sports that have a weight limit (boxing)
S.E- dehydration, heart failure

61
Q

What do Peptite Hormones do? Give 2 side effects

A

Naturally occuring hormones that facilitate muscle growth and red blood cell production.
S.E- thickens blood (difficult to pass through capillaries), risk of heart attack

62
Q

Whats an overuse injury? Give an example

A

When you train too hard or too often causing continuous stress on body e.g shin splints (in runners)

63
Q

What’s an acute injury? Give an example

A

Sudden injuries when people put too much strain on their bodies e.g pulled muscles

64
Q

Give 2 reasons why someone might take performance enhancing drugs

A
  • pressured by coaches
  • to get more money/ reward
  • reversibility, lost their skill
  • addicted
65
Q

There are 4 types of fractures what are their names?

A
  • simple/closed
  • compound/open
  • Stress
  • Greenstick
66
Q

Whats the difference between a compound and simple fracture?

A

Simple- bone doent break through skin

Compound- bone breaks through skin

67
Q

Whats a stress fracture? Whats a Greenstick fracture?

A

Stress- small crack on bone

Green- one side of the bone is broken and the other only bent

68
Q

The acronymn to to treat injuries to reduce swelling + pain is RICE, what does it stand for?

A

Rest
Ice- on injury
Compression- on injury with bandage
Elevation- raise that injured par of body to reduce blood flow

69
Q

Define a concussion. How does it occur? Give a sporting example

A

Loss of co-ordination. By a blow to the head. E.g (rugby) smashing your head on the other players shoulder

70
Q

Define a strain. How does it occur? Give a sporting example

A

Twist, pull or tear of a muscle or tendon. When they are overstretched. E.g sprinter pulling his hamstring due to him nit stretching

71
Q

Define a dislocation. How does it occur? Give a sporting example

A

When a bone at a joint is forced out of its normal position. By a hard blow to a bone at a joint. In cricket when bowling the balk too hard

72
Q

Define a torn cartilage. How does it occur?

A

Cartilage( that protects impact from bones) damaged. E.g overuse.

73
Q

Define a soft tissue injury

A

Damage to muscles, ligaments and tendons.

74
Q

Define a sprain. How does it occur? Give a sporting example

A

Is a damaged ligament. By over-stretching ligaments. Landing on the side of your foot after jumping for a rebound in basketball

75
Q

Define abrasions. How does it occur? Give a sporting example

A

Scrapping away of tissue or cells from an area of skins. Caused by friction between skin and another layer. E.g when a football player goes for a slide tackle

76
Q

Vital capacity

A

Is the maximum amount of air that can be breathed out after breathing in as much air as possible

77
Q

Tidal volume

A

Is the amount of air breathed in with each normal breath

78
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Is the total amount of air that the lungs can hold after the biggest possible breath in

Physical Education (29 decks)

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