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Human Structure & Function > Compendium 9 (Nervous system function) > Flashcards

Compendium 9 (Nervous system function) Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the spinal cord start (superior point) and end (inferior point)?

A

Starts at the Foramen Magnum

Stops at the first or second lumbar vertebrae

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2
Q

What is the Foramen Magnum?

A

A hole at the base (top) of the spinal cord where the brain and the spinal cord are connected

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3
Q

What are the 5 regions of the spinal cord from top to bottom?

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
  5. Coccygeal
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4
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves branch out from the spinal cord laterally?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves

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5
Q

What are enlargements of the spinal cord?

A

Areas of the spinal cord with a larger diameter

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6
Q

What is the vertebral column?

A

The ‘boney’ part of the spine that contains the spinal cord

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7
Q

Why is the spinal cord shorter than the vertebral column?

A

The spinal cord grows slower than the vertebral column during development

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8
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves does each region of the spinal cord have? 31 pairs in total

A

Cervical - 8 pairs
Thoracic - 12 pairs
Lumbar - 5 pairs
Sacral - 5 pairs
Coccygeal - 1 pair

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9
Q

Which two regions of the spinal cord contain enlargements? Why are they there?

A

Cervical and Lumbar regions contain enlargements

They’re there because the nerves in the cervical and lumbar regions branch out to the upper and lower limbs respectively

Facilitates more information transfer from nerves

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10
Q

What is the Conus medullaris?

A

The cone tipped end of the spinal cord just inferior to the lumbo sacral enlargement

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11
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

At the conus medullaris, the inferior most part of the spinal cord

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12
Q

What is the Cauda equina?

A

The spinal nerves that extend inferiorly beyond the conus medullaris inside the vertebral column

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13
Q

What are spinal nerves collectively called below the second pair of the Lumbar region (<L2)?

A

Cauda equina

Latin meaning = “horse’s tail”

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14
Q

What is the name for the connective tissue surround the brain and spinal cord?

A

Meninges

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15
Q

What are the three functions of the meninges?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Contains cerebrospinal fluid
  3. Forms partitions inside the skull
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16
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater
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17
Q

Where is the subdural space located?

A

Between the duramater and the arachnoid mater

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18
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space located? What does it contain?

A

The space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater

Contains cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels

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19
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

Deepest layer of meninges - a very thin protective layer around nervous system tissue.

It contains many small blood vessels

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20
Q

What are the two layers of the spinal cord from deep to superficial?

A

Grey matter = deep layer within the spinal cord

White matter = superficial layer surrounding the grey matter

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21
Q

Which layer of the spinal cord are cell bodies and dendrites found?

A

Grey matter

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22
Q

Why is the white matter of the spinal cord white?

A

Myelin

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23
Q

What part of the neurons are found in the white matter of the spinal cord?

A

Axons

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24
Q

What two parts divide the spinal cord into saggital parts?

A

Anterior median fissure
Posterior median sulcus

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25
Q

What are the three columns within each half of the white matter of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Ventral column
  2. Lateral column
  3. Dorsal column
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26
Q

What are the three horns within each half of the grey matter of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Ventral horn
  2. Lateral horn
  3. Dorsal horn
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27
Q

Where is the central canal of the spinal cord? What is contained within the central canal?

A

In the middle of the grey matter of the spinal cord

Contains cerebrospinal fluid

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28
Q

What are rootlets?

A

Rootlets are small connections that branch out of the spinal cord to become the roots of spinal nerves

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29
Q

What are the two types of roots that connect together to form spinal nerves?

A

Ventral roots
and
Dorsal roots

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30
Q

What lies between the dura mater and the vertebrae? What does it contain?

A

The epidural space - filled with adipose tissue

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31
Q

What part of the brain and spinal cord is the white matter located?

A

Brain = deeper part

Spinal cord = outer part

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32
Q

What part of the brain and spinal cord is the grey matter located?

A

Brain = outer part

Spinal cord = deeper part

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33
Q

What is the grey matter of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) called?

A

Ganglion

34
Q

Which roots do sensory and motor nerve impulses go through?

A

Sensory signals travel out of the spinal cord into the dorsal roots/dorsal root ganglion

Motor signals travel into the spinal cord via the ventral root

35
Q

What is the name for grey matter and white matter in the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Grey matter = Cortex or brain and nuclei

White matter = Nerve tracts

36
Q

Which neurons are found in spinal nerves?

A

Both sensory and motor neurons

37
Q

Where are the somatic and autonomic motor neurons found in the horns of grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

Somatic = ventral horn

Autonomic = lateral horn

38
Q

How many layers of connective tissue cover nerves?

A

3 layers

39
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

A group of axons

40
Q

What are the three layers of connective tissue that surround nerves (from inner most layer)?

A
  1. Endoneurium
  2. Perineurium
  3. Epineurium
41
Q

What is endoneurium?

A

Innermost layer of nerve:
It is a layer of connective tissue that surrounds each axon

42
Q

What is perineurium?

A

Middle layer of nerve:
It is a layer of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle

43
Q

What is epineurium?

A

Outermost layer of nerve:
It is a layer of connective tissue that surrounds several (many) fascicles

44
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A bundle of axons, and the sheaths, in the PNS

45
Q

Where are nerves found?

A

The periphery nervous system (PNS)

46
Q

How many vertebral bones are there?

A

30

47
Q

Which region of the spinal cord has five fused vertebral bones forming one bone?

A

The coccygeal region

48
Q

What are the three brain regions found in an early embryo?

A
  1. Forebrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain
49
Q

What two brain regions are found in the forebrain of an embryo?

A

Cerebrum and Diencephalon

50
Q

What brain region is found in the midbrain of an embryo?

A

Brainstem

51
Q

What three brain regions are found in the hindbrain of an embryo?

A

Pons, Medulla oblongata, and Cerebellum

52
Q

What three parts of the brain make up the brainstem in an embryo?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

53
Q

What lies posterior to the brainstem and inferior to the cerebrum?

A

Cerebellum

54
Q

What lies in the deepest part of the brain?

A

Thalamus

55
Q

What lies just inferior to the thalamus?

A

Hypothalamus

56
Q

Where is the corpus callosum located in the brain?

A

It lies medially deep within the brain superior to the thalamus

57
Q

Which part of the brain is the centre for autonomic reflexes and maintaining homeostasis?

A

Medulla oblongata

58
Q

Which part of the brain regulates cardiac functioning and breathing?

A

Medulla oblongata

59
Q

What are two functions of the pons, also known as the bridge?

A

Controlling sleep and Respiration

60
Q

Which part of the brain receives and integrates visual, auditory, and tactile sensory input?

A

The midbrain

61
Q

What are two functions of the midbrain?

A

Controls head movement and eye movement

62
Q

Which part of the brain controls locomotion, fine motor control, and posture and balance?

A

Cerebellum

63
Q

What are the four parts of the diencephalon?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Subthalamus
  3. Epithalamus
  4. Hypothalamus
64
Q

What are the two functions of the thalamus?

A

Relaying sensory input and influences moods and actions associated with strong emotions such as fear and rage

65
Q

What are three functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Muscle control, regulating body temperature, and sexual development and behaviour

66
Q

What is the largest part of the brain?

A

The cerebrum

67
Q

What are three physical features of the cerebrum?

A
  1. Gyri - elevated tissue or folds
  2. Sulci - grooves
  3. Fissures - deep grooves
68
Q

What are the four major lobes of the cerebrum?

A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. Parietal lobe
  3. Occipital lobe
  4. Temporal lobe
69
Q

What are three functions of the frontal lobe?

A
  1. Motor function
  2. Motivation
  3. Planning
70
Q

What is the primary purpose of the parietal lobe?

A

To receive and evaluate sensory information

71
Q

What is the primary function of the occipital lobe?

A

Receive and integrate visual input

72
Q

What are two functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Receives and evaluates input for smell and hearing

73
Q

What part of the cerebrum receives and evaluates taste information?

A

Insula

74
Q

What is the name for the ‘emotional’ part of the brain?

A

Limbic system

75
Q

What are three functions of the limbic system?

A

Memory, motivation, and emotion

76
Q

What are the 4 regions of the nephron?

A
  1. Renal corpuscle
  2. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  3. Loop of Henle
  4. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
76
Q

What parts join to form the ureter from deep to superficial?

A
  1. Minor calyces
  2. Major calyces
  3. Renal pelvis
77
Q

Where is filtrate/urine produced in the kidneys?

A

Nephron

78
Q

What are the six parts that urine flows through in order?

A

Begins in nephron where its produced, therefore:
1. Nephron
2. Papillary ducts
3. Minor calyces
4. Major calyces
5. Renal pelvis
6. Ureter

79
Q

Where are the papillary ducts located?

A

After the collecting ducts of the nephron

The DCT joins to form the collecting ducts which joins with the papillary ducts; the opening to the minor calyces

80
Q

What enters the nephron to be filtered into urine?

A

Blood

81
Q

Where is the glomerulus and the bowman capsule found?

A

In the renal corpuscle

Human Structure & Function (14 decks)

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