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Human Structure & Function > Compendium 11 (Immune System) > Flashcards

Compendium 11 (Immune System) Flashcards

1
Q

What are three functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Maintaining body’s fluid balance
  2. Fat absorption
  3. Defence
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2
Q

What is a major function of defence in the lymphatic system?

A

Fighting infections

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3
Q

What is carried around in the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph

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4
Q

What is lymph made of?

A

Water plus solutes from two sources:
1. Plasma: ions, nutrients, gases, some proteins
2. Cells: hormones, enzymes, waste products

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5
Q

What is the function of lymphatic vessels?

A

They carry lymph away from tissues

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6
Q

What the four types of lymphatic vessels?

A
  1. Lymphatic capillaries
  2. Lymph nodes
  3. Lymphatic trunks
  4. Lymphatic ducts
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7
Q

What are the two types of lymphatic ducts?

A

Right lymphatic duct and Thoracic duct

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8
Q

What do lymphatic ducts do?

A

drains lymph away from tissues into major veins

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9
Q

What do lymph nodes do?

A

Filter the lymph running through lymphatic capillaries

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10
Q

How are lymph nodes distributed?

A

They’re distributed along lymphatic capillaries

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11
Q

What is the difference between the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct?

A

Right lymphatic duct only drains right side of head, right upper limb, right thorax

Thoracic duct drains remainder of the body

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12
Q

What do tonsils do?

A

Provide protection against bacteria and other harmful material

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13
Q

What are the three types of tonsils?

A
  1. Palatine (tonsils)
  2. Pharyngeal (adenoids)
  3. Lingual
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14
Q

What are the two key parts of the spleen? What percentage of the spleen does each part occupy?

A

Red pulp (75%)

White pulp (25%)

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15
Q

What is the difference between the red pulp and white pulp of the spleen?

A

Red pulp is associated with veins, whereas the white pulp is associated with arteries

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16
Q

What are the three functions of the spleen?

A
  1. Monitors blood, detects and responds to foreign antigens
  2. Destroys defective red blood cells
  3. Regulates blood volume
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17
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

On the frontal side of the heart

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18
Q

List and describe three lymphatic disorders.

A
  1. Tonsillitis - inflammation of the tonsils due to bacterial infection
  2. Lymphoma - cancer of the lymphoid tissue or cells often beginning in lymph nodes
  3. Bubonic plague - severe bacterial infection causing enlarged lymph nodes
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19
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A foreign agent that has entered the body.

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20
Q

What are the four types of pathogens?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Fungi
  3. Protozoa
  4. Parasites
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21
Q

What are antigens?

A

Foreign proteins introduced into the body via pathogens

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22
Q

How do antigenic receptors deal with antigens?

A

Antigenic receptors on T cells and B cells recognize foreign proteins (antigens) as not being from the “self” and aims to remove them from the body

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23
Q

Define immunity.

A

The ability to resist damage from foreign substances and internal threats

24
Q

What is one example of both external and internal foreign substances?

A

External – micro-organisms

Internal – cancer cells

25
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Innate and Adaptive immunity

26
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Non-specific immunity that is present at birth; natural born immunity.

27
Q

What are the five types of innate immunity?

A
  1. Physical immunity
  2. Chemical mediators
  3. White blood cells
  4. Inflammation
  5. Fever
28
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

The ability for the body to recognise a particular substance (specificity) and remember the previous response (memory) that was learned previously (acquired).

29
Q

What are the three parts of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Specificity
  2. Memory
  3. Acquired
30
Q

What are the three cells that assist the (Thymus) T lymphocytes in the immune response to antigens?

A
  1. Helper T cells
  2. Effector (cytotoxic/killer) T cells
  3. B cells
31
Q

What is the name of the cell that assists the T lymphocytes to directly eliminate antigens (pathogens)?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

32
Q

How do the Cytotoxic T cells eliminate antigens from a cell?

A

They make holes in the cell wall causing the cell to explode.

33
Q

What cell makes sure that if an antigen re-appears, the immune response will be faster?

A

Memory cells

34
Q

What are the two types of B cells?

A
  1. Plasma cells
  2. Memory B cells
35
Q

What are the three effects of antibodies on antigens?

A
  1. Disactivates antigens
  2. Binds antigens together
  3. Facilitates phagocytosis
36
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The ingestion of substances in the body (e.g., antigens, pathogens)

37
Q

What are the two types of responses of antibodies to antigens?

A
  1. Primary response
  2. Secondary response
38
Q

What is a primary response of antibodies to antigens, and what are two characteristics of the response?

A

Primary response = first encounter with an antigen

Characteristics:
1. Longer response time of 3 - 14 days
2. Magnitude of response very small compared to secondary response

39
Q

What is a secondary response of antibodies to antigens, and what are two characteristics of the response?

A

Secondary response = encounter with a familiar antigen

Characteristics:
1. Shorter response time of a couple hours to a few days
2. Magnitude of response significantly bigger than primary response

40
Q

What are the names of the two primary ways of acquiring adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Active immunity
  2. Passive immunity
41
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Immunity is provided by the individual’s own immune system

42
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Immunity is transferred from another person or an animal

43
Q

What are the two categories of active immunity and passive immunity?

A
  1. Natural
  2. Artificial
44
Q

What is Natural Active Immunity?

A

When antigens are introduced through natural exposure.

45
Q

What is Artificial Active Immunity?

A

When antigens are deliberately introduced in a vaccine.

46
Q

What is Natural Passive Immunity?

A

When antibodies from the mother are transferred to her child across the placenta or in milk.

47
Q

What is Artificial Passive Immunity?

A

When antibodies are produced by another person or an animal are injected.

48
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

49
Q

What does AIDS stand for?

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

50
Q

How does HIV kill helper T cells?

A

HIV virus binds to CD4 protein and infects Helper T cells which are then destroyed by the virus or by immune response.

51
Q

What is the normal amount of Helper T cells in the body?

A

1200 cells/mm3

52
Q

When does HIV progress to AIDS?

A

When the amount of helper T cells gets below 200 cells/mm3

53
Q

How does infection of HIV/AIDS spread between people?

A

Infection spreads due to contact with body fluids of infected people.

54
Q

What are two effects of AIDS on a persons immune response?

A
  1. Makes their body vulnerable and ordinarily infections can be lethal
  2. Increased risk of cancer – e.g. Karposi’s sarcoma
55
Q

How is HIV treated?

A

The replication of the HIV virus is controlled by:

Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART)

Human Structure & Function (14 decks)

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