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Human Structure & Function > Compendium 8 (Nervous system) > Flashcards

Compendium 8 (Nervous system) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Maintaining homeostasis
  2. Receiving sensory input
  3. Integrating information
  4. Controlling muscles and glands
  5. Establishing and maintaining mental activity
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2
Q

How does the nervous system maintain homeostasis of the body?

A

The nervous system stimulates or inhibits functions of organs to help maintain homeostasis.

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3
Q

How does the nervous system receive sensory input?

A

Sensory receptors monitor external and internal stimuli either consciously (e.g., sight, hearing, taste) or unconsciously (bodily functions).

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4
Q

How does the nervous system integrate information?

A

The brain and spinal cord process information to produce immediate responses, store in memory, or be ignored.

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5
Q

What four muscles and/or glands does the nervous system control?

A

Nervous system controls:
1. Skeletal muscles

  1. Some smooth muscle only contract when stimulated by the nervous system (e.g., walls of blood vessels)
  2. the speed of contraction in the Cardiac muscle and some smooth muscle (stomach)
  3. Secretion from glands
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6
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Central nervous system (CNS)
  2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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7
Q

What are the physical parts of the CNS?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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8
Q

What are the physical parts of the PNS?

A

All the nervous tissue outside the CNS:
1. nerves
2. ganglia
3. sensory receptors

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9
Q

What is are the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?

A

The somatic nervous system = voluntary motor division

The autonomic nervous system = involuntary motor division

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10
Q

What are the three examples of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. smooth muscle
  2. cardiac muscle
  3. secretions by certain glands
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11
Q

What is an example of the somatic nervous system?

A

Conscious movements of skeletal muscles

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12
Q

What is the difference between the functions of the CNS and the PNS?

A

PNS transmits sensory information (action potentials) to the CNS

CNS processes and turns information into action potentials that activate the motor division (SNS or ANS)

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13
Q

What are the three parts of a neuron?

A
  1. cell body
  2. dendrites
  3. axon
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14
Q

What is the name for the cell body of a neuron?

A

Soma

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15
Q

What does the soma do in a neuron?

A

The cell body (soma) performs the typical functions of any cell:

protein synthesis and packaging of proteins into vesicles

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16
Q

What do dendrites do in a neuron?

A

When stimulated, dendrites generate small electric currents, which are conducted toward the neuron cell body.

17
Q

What do axons do in a neuron?

A

Transport neurotransmitters to other neurons

18
Q

What is at the end of a neuron’s axon?

A

Presynaptic terminals

19
Q

What are the three classifications of neurons based on function?

A
  1. Sensory neurons - sending action potentials toward CNS
  2. Motor neurons - sending action potentials from CNS
  3. Interneurons - conducting action potentials within the CNS
20
Q

What are the 4 classifications of neurons based on their structure?

A
  1. Multipolar - many dendrites, one axon
  2. Bipolar - one dendrite, one axon
  3. Pseudo-unipolar - one dendrite with a branch
  4. Anaxonic - no axons, only dendrites
21
Q

Where are anaxonic neurons found?

A

The brain and retina

22
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

Supporting cells that surround neurons

23
Q

How many neuroglial cells are there compared to neurons?

A

10-50 times more than neurons

24
Q

How many types of neuroglial cells are there?

A

6 types:
- 4 in the CNS
- 2 in the PNS

25
Q

What are the 4 types of Neuroglia in the CNS?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Ependymal cells
  3. Microglia
  4. Oligodendrocytes
26
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

Astrocytes help regulate the composition of extracellular brain fluid

27
Q

What are the three functions of ependymal cells?

A
  1. Produce and regulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  2. Provide protection
  3. Transport hormones
28
Q

What do microglial cells do?

A

Become active, mobile & phagocytic in response to inflammation.

29
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Insulate axons in the CNS

30
Q

What are the two types of neuroglial cells in the PNS?

A
  1. Schwann cells
  2. Satellite cells
31
Q

What are the two functions of the Schwann cells?

A
  1. Insulate axons in the PNS
  2. Saltatory conduction of action potential
32
Q

What are the two functions of Satellite cells?

A
  1. Provide support and nutrition to cell bodies
  2. Protects neurons from heavy metal poisons
33
Q

What are action potentials?

A

The electrical signals produced by the nervous system

34
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

A measure of the electrical properties of the cell membrane

35
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

The difference in charge across the cell membrane in a resting cell

36
Q

What is depolarisation?

A

When the membrane potential becomes more positive

Na+ comes into the cell joining the K+

37
Q

What is repolarisation?

A

When the membrane potential becomes more negative

Na+ gates close, K+ gates open

K+ leaves the cell, lowering the membrane potential

38
Q

Explain afterpotential.

A

When repolarisation finishes in the cell

Na+ are closed, and K+ gates start to close

But K+ gates close slowly which allows more to exit the cell thus lowering the membrane potential more

39
Q

What is hyperpolarisation?

A

When the membrane potential of a cell becomes more negative

Human Structure & Function (14 decks)

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