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Human Structure & Function > Compendium 6 (cardiovascular system) > Flashcards

Compendium 6 (cardiovascular system) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major components of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Blood
  2. Blood vessels
  3. Heart
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2
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A
  1. arteries
  2. veins
  3. capillaries
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3
Q

What are the three overarching functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Transport
  2. Protection
  3. Regulation
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4
Q

What are three things the cardiovascular system transports around the body?

A

Gases, nutrients, and metabolic waste

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5
Q

What are three ways the cardiovascular system provides protection for the body?

A

Producing inflammation, transporting antibodies, and providing platelets for clotting.

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6
Q

What are three things the cardiovascular system regulates?

A

pH levels, body temperature, and blood pressure

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7
Q

What are three functions of the heart? (PDR)

A
  1. Pumps blood around the body
  2. Directs blood flow
  3. Regulates blood supply
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8
Q

What three things protect the heart?

A
  1. Rib cage
  2. Protective membrane
  3. Fluids
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9
Q

Which cavity is the heart inside?

A

Thoracic cavity

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10
Q

Describe the position of the heart in the mediastinum? Provide reference to the base and the apex of the heart.

A

The heart lies obliquely inside the mediastinum, meaning:
- The base is positioned superior to the apex and is more posterior
- The apex is positioned inferior to the base and is more anterior
- The apex is directed slightly left of the mediastinum so about 2/3 of the weight of the heart is positioned to left of the midline

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11
Q

What lines the outside of the heart?

A

Pericardium - a fibrous sac that encloses the heart and great vessels

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12
Q

Briefly describe the two major types of pericardium.

A

Fibrous pericardium: tough fibrous outer layer, prevents over distention; acts as anchor.

Serous pericardium: thin, transparent, inner layer, simple squamous epithelium.

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13
Q

What are the two types of serous pericardium?

A

Parietal pericardium: lines the fibrous outer layer
and
Visceral pericardium: covers heart surface

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14
Q

What is between the parietal and visceral pericardium?

A

Pericardial cavity which is filled with pericardial fluid

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15
Q

What lies on the anterior and posterior sides of the heart?

A

Major blood vessels

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16
Q

What does Sulci mean?

A

grooves (e.g., grooves on outer surface of the heart)

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17
Q

What are the three Sulci’s of the heart?

A
  1. Coronary sulcus
  2. Anterior interventricular sulcus
  3. Posterior interventricular sulcus
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18
Q

Where is the pericardial and epicardial fat located?

A

Pericardial fat – between visceral and parietal pericardium

Epicardial fat – between outer layer of myocardium and visceral layer of pericardium (epicardium)

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19
Q

What are the superior chambers of the heart called? Do they collect or discharge blood?

A

Atria - collect blood

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20
Q

What are the inferior chambers of the heart called? Do they collect or discharge blood?

A

Ventricles - discharge blood

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21
Q

Which have thicker walls, the atria or the ventricles?

A

Ventricles

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22
Q

What are the three tissue layers of the heart?

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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23
Q

Describe the positioning and characteristics of the each tissue layer of the heart.

A

Outermost - Epicardium:
Simple squamous epithelium. Smooth outer surface of heart

Middle - Myocardium:
Thick layer of cardiac muscle cells

Innermost - Endocardium:
Simple squamous epithelium covers. Smooth inner surface of heart chambers

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24
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A
  1. Right atrium
  2. Right ventricle
  3. Left atrium
  4. Left ventricle
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25
Q

Describe the flow of blood through the four chambers of the heart.

A
  1. Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood returning from the body
  2. Right ventricle sends that blood to the lungs
  3. Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
  4. Left ventricle sends that blood to the body
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26
Q

What are the two types of valves in the heart?

A

Atrioventricular (AV) valves
and
Semilunar (SL) valves

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27
Q

What are the Atrioventricular (AV) valves?

A

Tricuspid valve
and
Bicuspid valve

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28
Q

What are the atrioventricular (AV) valves?

A

Valves between atria and ventricles

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29
Q

Which valves has leaf-like cusps?

A

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

30
Q

What is the name for the tendons which connect the AV valves to the papillary muscles?

A

Chordae tendineae

31
Q

What happens when the AV valves are open/closed?

A

When open, blood flows from atriums to ventricles

When closed, blood exits ventricles

32
Q

Which valves are cup shaped?

A

Semilunar (SL) valves

33
Q

How many cusps do the tricuspid and bicuspid AV valves have?

A

Tricuspid = three cusps
Bicuspid = two cusps

34
Q

Which sides of the heart are the tricuspid and bicuspid AV valves located?

A

Tricuspid = right side
Bicuspid = left side

35
Q

Where are semilunar (SL) valves located?

A

At the base of large vessels/ exit of ventricles

36
Q

What are the two semilunar (SL) valves of the heart?

A

Pulmonary SL valve
and
Aortic SL valve

37
Q

Where is the Pulmonary SL valve and Aortic SL valve located?

A

Pulmonary SL valve – at the base of pulmonary trunk

Aortic SL valve – at the base of aorta

38
Q

How do the semilunar (SL) valves of the heart work?

A

When cups are filled, valves close, stops backflow

When cups are empty, valve is open, blood exits heart

39
Q

In short what do the semilunar (SL) valves do?

A

Allow blood to leave the heart, but not to come back in

40
Q

What creates blood pressure?

A

The contraction of the heart

41
Q

How does blood move around the body?

A

The repetitive contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of heart chambers forces blood around the body.

42
Q

What are the terms for the contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers?

A

Contraction = systole

Relaxation = diastole

43
Q

Why does blood flow more in some places?

A

Blood flow is proportional to metabolic needs of tissues.

44
Q

What four organs/tissues receive lots of blood?

A
  1. Brain
  2. Kidneys
  3. Liver
  4. Exercising skeletal muscle
45
Q

What are three things the nervous system can do to control blood flow?

A
  1. Maintain blood pressure and therefore blood flow
  2. Re-routing blood flow toward tissues/organs that need it (e.g., to muscles during exercise)
  3. Re-routing blood flow away from skin and viscera and towards brain and cardiac muscle in response to blood loss/injury
46
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

47
Q

What does Epinephrine do?

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline) increases HR and SV

48
Q

What is the cardiac conduction system?

A

The internal pacemaker & nerve like pathway through myocardium

49
Q

What is action potential?

A

A rapid change in membrane potential; electrical signal / impulse

50
Q

What does action potential do?

A

Spreads through conducting system of the heart to cause all cardiac muscle cells to contract, meaning blood is ‘pumped’

51
Q

What is auto-rhythmicity and what causes it?

A

Repetitive contractions, caused by autorhythmic contractile cells

52
Q

What are the two major parts of blood by percentage?

A
  1. Plasma (55%)
  2. Formed elements (45%)
53
Q

What are three components of plasma by percentage?

A
  1. Water (91%)
  2. Proteins (7%)
  3. Other solutes (2%)
54
Q

What are the three types of proteins found in plasma according to percentage?

A
  1. Albumins (58%)
  2. Globulins (38%)
  3. Fibrinogen (4%)
55
Q

What are three of the other solutes found in plasma?

A
  1. Ions
  2. Nutrients
  3. Gases
56
Q

How many red blood cells are found per cubic mm of blood?

A

4.2 - 6.2 million red blood cells

57
Q

How many white blood cells are found per cubic mm of blood?

A

5,000 to 10,000 white blood cells

58
Q

How many platelets are found per cubic mm of blood?

A

250,000 to 400,000 platelets

59
Q

What are the two most common white blood cells?

A

Neutrophils and Lymphocytes

60
Q

What are the cell names for Red Blood Cells?

A

Erythrocytes

61
Q

What are the cell names for White Blood Cells?

A

Leukocytes

62
Q

Which blood cell contains haemoglobin (Hb)?

A

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

63
Q

Which direction do Erythrocytes carry oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) carry:
- Oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues
- Carbon dioxide from the body’s tissues to the lungs

64
Q

What is the main purpose of Leukocytes?

A

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) mainly help with protection with immune responses

65
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Capillaries
  3. Veins
66
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Take blood from the heart to the body

67
Q

Which of the blood vessels carry blood under high pressure?

A

Arteries

68
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Exchange blood at tissue sites from arteries to veins

69
Q

What do veins do?

A

Take blood to the heart from the body

70
Q

Which of the blood vessels carry blood under little pressure?

A

Veins

71
Q

In short, describe the process of the conducting system of the heart.

A
  1. The Sinoatrial (SA) node sends the action potential to the Atrioventricular (AV) node through the walls of the right atrium
  2. The AV node passes the signal through the AV bundle via the left and right bundle branches in the interventricular septum
  3. The action potential reaches the ventricular walls and papillary muscles via the Purkinje fibers that cause the papillary muscles to contract
  4. The heart pumps blood
72
Q

What are the Purkinje fibers?

A

The network of nerve fibers that send action potentials to the ventricular walls and papillary muscles of the heart

Human Structure & Function (14 decks)

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