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Human Structure & Function > Compendium 7 (Renal system) > Flashcards

Compendium 7 (Renal system) Flashcards

1
Q

What three organs make up the renal (urinary) system?

A
  1. Two kidneys
  2. Ureters
  3. Urinary bladder
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2
Q

What are the kidneys?

A

The primary excretory organs of the renal system

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3
Q

What are the ureters?

A

Each kidney has a ureter which is a tube that carries the excretory products of the kidneys into the urinary bladder

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4
Q

What do kidneys do?

A

They filter large volumes of blood and produce urine from the wastes of blood

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5
Q

What are the six functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. Excretion
  2. Regulation of blood volume and pressure
  3. Regulation of blood solute concentrations
  4. Regulation of extracellular fluid pH
  5. Regulation of red blood cell synthesis
  6. Regulation of vitamin D synthesis
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6
Q

Describe the external anatomy of kidneys.

A

The kidneys are bean-shaped organs about the size of a tightly closed fist

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7
Q

Describe the location of the kidneys.

A

The kidneys are retroperitoneal which means they lie behind the peritoneum, and they are located on each side of the vertebral column

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8
Q

What is the name for the outer layer of connective tissue of the kidney?

A

Renal capsule

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9
Q

What is the name of the thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds the thick layer of adipose tissue on the outside of the kidneys?

A

Renal fascia

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10
Q

What is the hilum?

A

The hilum is the indentation of the medial side of the kidneys

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11
Q

What is the name for the adipose and connective tissue-filled cavity of the kidneys?

A

Renal sinus

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12
Q

What is the length of a nephron?

A

About 50-55nm

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13
Q

What are the four regions of a nephron?

A
  1. renal corpuscle
  2. proximal convoluted tubule
  3. Henle
  4. distal convoluted tubule
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14
Q

What are the three processes necessary for urine formation?

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
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15
Q

What happens during filtration in the production of urine?

A

The first step of urine production involves the filtration of molecules based on size or charge of molecules - only removes substances small enough to fit through the filtration membrane.

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16
Q

What is the fluid called after it has been filtered to form urine?

A

Filtrate

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17
Q

What happens to the filtrate in the tubular reabsorption process?

A

Some cells in the renal tubules use transport proteins to move water and
some filtered molecules from the filtrate back into the blood.

18
Q

Where do the water and filtered molecules return to the blood stream?

A

In the peritubular capillaries

19
Q

What happens during tubular secretion?

A

After filtration has occurred, certain tubule cells transport additional solutes from the blood into the filtrate.

20
Q

Describe the process of urine production using the messy drawer analogy.

A

Filtration: you start by emptying your drawer of “junk”, excluding the large, permanent items

Tubular reabsorption: you “save” some of the these items you’ve taken out

Tubular secretion: you “throw away” some more items that you left behind in the drawer

21
Q

What are the three components of the filtration membrane?

A
  1. Fenestrae
  2. Basement membrane
  3. Filtration slits
22
Q

Briefly describe the fenestrae?

A

Fenestrae are little windows in the glomerular capillaries

23
Q

Briefly describe the location of the basement membrane?

A

The basement membrane is between the endothelial cells and the podocytes of the glomerular capillaries

24
Q

Briefly describe the filtration slits?

A

They’re gaps between the cell’s of the podocytes

25
Q

What are the 4 histological parts of the nephron?

A
  1. Proximal convoluted tubule
  2. Loop of henle
  3. Distal convoluted tubule
  4. Collecting duct
26
Q

What are the six major renal veins/ arteries?

A
  1. Abdominal aorta
  2. Right renal artery
  3. Left renal artery
  4. Right renal vein
  5. Left renal vein
  6. Inferior vena cava
27
Q

What is the process of urine moving through the renal system?

A

Pressure forces urine through the nephron of the kidneys

Smooth muscle forces urine through the ureters

Urine enters bladder from the ureters

Pressure in the bladder compresses the ureters, preventing backflow

28
Q

Describe the location of the urinary bladder.

A

The urinary bladder is located in the pelvic cavity posterior to the symphysis pubis.

29
Q

What does the urethra do?

A

Transports urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

30
Q

What are the two parts that stop leakage of urine through the urethra?

A
  1. Internal urinary sphincter
  2. External urinary sphincter
31
Q

Where is the internal urinary sphincter?

A

Between the urinary bladder and the urethra

32
Q

Where is the external urinary sphincter?

A

Surrounds the urethra as it extends through the pelvic floor (e.g., into the penis, or through the vagina)

33
Q

What type(s) of muscle is in the internal/external urinary sphincter?

A

Internal = smooth muscle
External = skeletal muscle (allows us to start/stop flow of urine)

34
Q

Which gender has a longer urethra?

A

Males

35
Q

What are the two functions of the renal system?

A
  1. Excretion
  2. Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure
36
Q

How much urine is produced per day?

A

1-2L

37
Q

What percentage of water makes up urine?

A

95%

38
Q

What are three waste dilutes found in urine?

A
  1. Urea
  2. Ammonia
  3. Uric acid
39
Q

What is the micturition reflex?

A

The autonomous urge for the external urinary sphincters to relax and thus allow urination to occur

40
Q

What is the process of urination?

A

The bladder stretches and activates receptors

Receptors generate the conscious urge to urinate

This results in the micturition reflex which
inhibits the external urinary sphincter to relax

The external urinary sphincter relaxes under conscious control

41
Q

What are three substances that are reabsorbed from the filtrate of urine?

A
  1. Water
  2. Amino acids
  3. Glucose

Human Structure & Function (14 decks)

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