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Human Structure & Function > Compendium 1 > Flashcards

Compendium 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

The structural and functional unit of all living things, including humans.

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2
Q

What are 4 functional characteristics of cells?

A
  1. Metabolism and energy use
  2. Synthesis of molecules
  3. Communication
  4. Reproduction and inheritance
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3
Q

What is an organelle?

A

It is basically a “tiny organ” that is apart of a cell.

They each have functions to perform inside the cell much like with human organs.

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4
Q

What organelle encloses and supports cellular contents? What are the 4 other functions it performs?

A

Plasma Membrane

Functions:
1. Controls what goes in an out of the cell
2. Regulates intra and extracellular material
3. Inter-cellular communication.
4. Production of a charge difference across the membrane

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5
Q

What is the structure of a plasma membrane?

A

Lipid bilayer (45-50%)
- Provides flexibility to the cell

Carbs (4-8%)

Proteins (45-50%)

Fluid mosaic model

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6
Q

Cellular fluid material outside the nucleus but within the boundaries of the plasma membrane?

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

Fluid portion of the cytoplasm (ions and proteins in water).

A

Cytosol
Cyto - cell
Sol - solution

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8
Q

Supports and provides structure to the cell and its organelles. Responsible for changes to the shape of the cell and movement of its organelles.

A

Cytoskeleton

Consists of:
1. Microtubules
2. Microfilaments
3. Intermediate filaments

The “bones” of the cytoskeleton

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9
Q

What does cyto mean?

A

Cell

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10
Q

What are cytoplasmic organelles?

A

The organelles in the cytoplasm inside the cell.

Most have membranes on their exterior (like plasma membrane)

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11
Q

The control centre of the cell.

A

Nucleus

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12
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A
  1. Nuclear envelope
  2. Nucleoplasm
  3. Nucleolus
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13
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

Chromatin - DNA complexed (intricately combined) with PROTEINS (histones)

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14
Q

How many chromatids (“chromatins”) make a chromosome?

A

Two

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15
Q

Which organelle functions as a site for protein synthesis?

A

Ribosome

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16
Q

What is rough endoplasmic reticulum and what does it do?

A

It is “rough” because it has ribosomes attached to it.

It synthesises and modifies proteins.

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17
Q

What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum and what does it do?

A

It is “smooth” because it has no ribosomes attached to it.

Functions:
1. Synthesis of lipids, steroids, and carbs

  1. Detoxification of harmful substances (drugs)
  2. Breakdown of glycogen to glucose
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18
Q

Which internal organ would smooth endoplasmic reticulum be most abundant?

A

Liver

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19
Q

They are membrane-bound vesicles that form at the Golgi apparatus.

They are nicknamed the cells “demolition crew”.

What are they?

A

Lysosome

20
Q

Which organelle modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipids made by the ER?

A

Golgi apparatus

21
Q

What do Lysosomes do?

A

Basically “destroy” the organic molecules that are no longer needed (proteins, carbs, lipids etc.)

22
Q

What are the 4 basic organic molecules?

A
  1. Protein
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Lipids
  4. Nucleic Acids
23
Q

They produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Can reproduce itself when needed…

Nicknamed the “power plant of the cell”.

What are they?

A

Mitochondria

24
Q

Which organelle is responsible for cell division?

A

Centrioles - microtubules surrounding a centrosome (the cell’s centre)

25
Q

Which organelle is responsible for the movement of substances across the surface of cells?

Looks kinda like grass

A

Cilia

26
Q

Similar to cilia but only one long strand responsible for moving the cell itself.

Found in human sperm cells only.

What is it?

A

Flagella

27
Q

Acts as an extension of the plasma membrane.

Increases cell’s membrane.

Sorta like cilia.

What is it?

A

Microvilia

28
Q

The study of tissues.

A

Histology

29
Q

Haematoxylin and Eosin (H & E)

A

Haematoxylin - stains nuclei purple

Eosin - stains other cell structures pink

In other words. The Nucleus will stand out as purple dots on a pink background.

30
Q

What two points should be considered when viewing histological images?

A
  1. The plane the tissue has been cut in. (e.g. sagittal or frontal)
  2. The magnification of the image.
31
Q

What 4 primary tissue types does every organ contain?

A
  1. Connective Tissue
  2. Muscle Tissue
  3. Epithelial Tissue
  4. Nervous Tissue

Acronym: CMEN

32
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

Supports the structure of organs.

33
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A

Covers the surface of the organ.

34
Q

What does muscle tissue do?

A

Involved in the mechanical movements of organs.

35
Q

What does nervous tissue do?

A

Controls the actions of the organ.

36
Q

What are the 3 types of cell layers?

A
  1. Simple (1 layer)
  2. Stratified (More than 1 layer)
  3. Pseudostratisfied (1 layer with varying shapes and sizes of cells)
37
Q

What are the 4 cell shapes? Provide a simple description.

A
  1. Squamous - Thin and flat
  2. Cuboidal - Cube-shaped
  3. Columnar - Tall rectangular cells with Nucleus at the bottom
  4. Transitional - Can change from tall to flat. Only found in the BLADDER and URETERS
38
Q

What is simple squamous epithelium?

A

Epithelium with a single (simple) layer of squamous cells.

39
Q

What is stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

Epithelium with multiple (stratified) layers of cuboidal cells.

40
Q

What is psuedo-stratified epithelium?

A

An epithelium layer with a single layer of columnar cells of varying shapes and heights.

Psuedo meaning fake; it appears to be stratified but isn’t.

41
Q

What is transitional epithelium?

A

Transitional epithelium appears to be made of columnar to squamous cells depending on its state.

It is meant to stretch so with more pressure the tall cells compress into flat cells.

42
Q

Where would transitional epithelium most likely be found and why (what is its function)?

A

Transitional epithelium is only found in the the bladder and the ureters.

This is because transitional epithelium can stretch. This is useful in the ureters and bladder because they can expand when they fill with urine.

43
Q

Where would stratified squamous epithelium most likely be found and why? What is its function?

A

Stratified epithelium is found in many places depending on the type.

If it is hard and KERATINIZED then it would be found on the soles of feet, palms of the hands and skin.

If it is soft and NON-KERATINIZED then it would be found in the mouth, oesophagus, anus and vagina.

Stratified epithelium protects against abrasion and loss of water due to its thick layering of cells.

44
Q

Where would stratified cuboidal epithelium most likely be found and why (what is its function)?

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium is found in the ducts of sweat glands, ducts of salivary glands, and developing.

This type of epithelium is quite rare. Its function is to absorb, secrete, and protect with its thick layering.

45
Q

Where would stratified columnar epithelium most likely be found and why (what is its function)?

A

Stratified columnar epithelium is found in the ducts of the mammary glands, the larynx and part of the male urethra.

The function of this type of epithelium is to secrete and protect with its thick layering of cells.

46
Q

Where would pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium most likely be found and why (what is its function)?

A

Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium is found in the pharynx, the trachea, and the male’s sperm carrying ducts.

The function of this type of epithelium is for secretion and movement.

Human Structure & Function (9 decks)

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