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Human Structure & Function > Compendium 3 (nutrition) > Flashcards

Compendium 3 (nutrition) Flashcards

1
Q

How is the enzyme altered in a chemical reaction?

A

It isn’t; it is unaltered and can be used again.

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1
Q

What is a protein catalyst that increases the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds?

A

Enzyme

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2
Q

Name 2 enzymes.

A
  1. Lipase
  2. Protease
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3
Q

What does lipase do?

A

Breaks down lipids

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4
Q

What does protease do?

A

Breaks down proteins

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5
Q

What is involved in an enzyme reaction?

A

One enzymes brings two reacting molecules together.

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6
Q

How do you name a particular enzyme?

A

Add “ASE” as a suffix (some exceptions)

E.g., protein = protease, lipid = lipase

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7
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Chemicals taken into the body to produce energy or build other molecules.

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8
Q

Name the 6 classes of nutrients?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Lipids
  4. Vitamins
  5. Minerals
  6. Water
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9
Q

What are the 3 organic nutrients? Why are they “organic”?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Lipids

Organic = they contain carbon

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10
Q

Which nutrients do we need the most of?

A
  1. Carbs
  2. Proteins
  3. Lipids
  4. Water
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11
Q

Which nutrients do we need the least of?

A
  1. Vitamins
  2. Minerals
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12
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A

Chemicals that must be taken in to the body, because we can’t make them ourselves.

Includes some amino acids/fatty acids/carbs, water, most vitamins & minerals.

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13
Q

What is a common form of carbohydrate?

A

mono / di / polysaccharides

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14
Q

What is a common form of lipid?

A

Triglycerides

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15
Q

What is an example of a protein?

A

Amino acids

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16
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

Vitamins

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17
Q

What are some common vitamins?

A

Vitamins A, B, and E

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18
Q

What are inorganic nutrients?

A

Minerals

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19
Q

What are 2 common minerals?

A

Calcium and Iron

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20
Q

What nutrient is mostly found in plants and vegetables?

A

Carbohydrates

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21
Q

What are some common foods with lots of lipids?

A

Oils, dairy, animal fat and eggs.

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22
Q

What foods is protein most abundant in?

A

Meat, fish and poultry

23
Q

Dividing the daily recommended caloric intake into 3 parts: carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins - what percentage do each of these nutrients make up?
Clue = carbs>lipids>proteins

A

Carbohydrates = 60%
Lipids = 30%
Proteins = 10%

24
Q

What 3 elements are in carbon?

A

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O) = CHO

25
Q

What does carbo and hydrate mean?

A

Carbo = carbon
Hydrate = water/hydrated

26
Q

What does monosaccharide and disaccharide mean?

A

Monosaccharide - Mono = 1 Saccharide = sugar

Disaccharide - Di = 2 Saccharide = sugar

27
Q

What are 3 examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose (blood sugar)
Fructose (fruit sugar)
Galactose (milk sugar)

28
Q

What are 3 examples of disaccharides?

A

Sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose
Lactose (milk) = glucose + galactose
Maltose = glucose + glucose

29
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Long chains (3000+) of monosaccharides

30
Q

What is an example of an animal polysaccharide?

A

Glycogen

31
Q

What are 2 examples of plant polysaccharides?

A

Starch and Cellulose

32
Q

What uses does starch and cellulose have for humans?

A

Humans break down starch into energy.

Human can’t break down cellulose so it becomes dietary fibre.

33
Q

How are the 3 types of saccharides digested?

A

Polysaccharide - digested by saliva in oral cavity
Disaccharide chain - digested by sucrase in the intestines
Monosaccharide chain - absorbed into blood in intestine

34
Q

How are carbs used in the body?

A

Glucose becomes ATP (energy)

Energy is used for warmth, movement, brain activity etc.

35
Q

What happens to excess glucose in the body?

A

Stored as glycogen in muscles and liver

Glucose that can’t be stored gets stored as fat.

36
Q

What are protein used for?

A

Regulate bodily functions.

37
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

9

38
Q

What is complete protein? What foods contain complete protein?

A

Food that contains enough of all 9 essential Amino Acids

Meat, fish, poultry, milk, cheese eggs

39
Q

What is incomplete protein? What foods have incomplete protein?

A

Food that doesn’t contain enough of all 9 essential Amino Acids

Leafy green vegetables, grains, legumes –have to mix these to get all the aa’s

40
Q

How is protein absorbed into the body?

A

Protein (long chain of amino acids)
Digested by pepsin in stomach

Polypetides digested by trypsin in duodenum

Peptides and individual amino acids are absorbed into the blood via villi / microvilli in intestine.

41
Q

What makes up 95% of fats in the body?

A

Triglycerides

42
Q

What makes up a triglyceride molecule?

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids:
Saturated, unsaturated, and trans fats

43
Q

What determines the saturation of fats?

A

The number of Hydrogen atoms

44
Q

What is the process of lipid absorption into the body?

A

Lipid (triglycerides) digestion begins in the duodenum.

Bile from the gall bladder emulsifies lipids.
Lipase from the pancreas causes further breakdown

Short chain fatty acids (monoglycerides) are absorbed into the lymphatic system via lacteals.

Lipids are stored in the adipose tissue and liver until needed.

45
Q

How many litres of water enters the digestive tract each day? How much is absorbed?

A

About 9L of water.

99% of water entering the intestine is absorbed.

46
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

47
Q

Which vitamins are water soluble?

A

Vitamins B and C

Acronym = Before Christ

48
Q

What’s the effect of too much vitamin C?

A

Stomach inflammation and/or diarrhea

49
Q

What’s the effect of too much vitamin D?

A

Alters calcium metabolism

50
Q

What’s the effect of a vitamin C deficiency?

A

Scurvy

51
Q

What’s the effect of a vitamin D deficiency?

A

Rickets

52
Q

What are major and trace minerals? Examples?

A

Major = >100mg/day
Calcium, Sodium, Potassium

Trace = <100mg/day
Zinc, Copper, Selenium

53
Q

What are the functions of minerals?

A

Membrane potential & action potentials

and

Add mechanical strength to bones & teeth

54
Q

What are the effects of deficiencies in the following minerals:
1. Iron
2. Potassium
3. Iodine

A

Iron – anaemia

Potassium – muscle weakness, abnormal heart function

Iodine - goitre

Human Structure & Function (9 decks)

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