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Human Structure & Function > Compendium 12 (Cell stuff) > Flashcards

Compendium 12 (Cell stuff) Flashcards

1
Q

Where are nucleic acids found?

A

In the nuclei of cells, in every cell.

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2
Q

What are the three functions of nucleic acids?

A
  1. Main information carrying molecule
  2. Control protein synthesis
  3. Control hereditary characteristics of an individual
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3
Q

Nucleic acids are organic molecules. What elements are they composed of?

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Hydrogen
  3. Oxygen
  4. Nitrogen
  5. Phosphorus
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4
Q

What is the name for a chain of repeating nucleotides?

A

Polynucleotides

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5
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

Monomer

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6
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A
  1. Pentose sugar
  2. Phosphate group
  3. Nitrogenous base
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7
Q

What makes up a nucleoside?

A

Pentose sugar + nitrogenous base

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8
Q

What two things combine to form a nucleotide?

A

Nucleoside + phosphate group

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9
Q

What are the two classes of nucleic acids?

A
  1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
  2. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
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10
Q

What is the main part of the cell that DNA is found? What is the other part it is found?

A

Mainly found in the nucleus, but also found in the mitochondria.

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11
Q

What is stored in DNA?

A

DNA provides blueprint codes that are necessary for protein synthesis and reproduction.

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12
Q

How many genes are in the human genome?

A

20,000 to 25,000 genes

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13
Q

What percentage of DNA in humans contain genes of the human genome?

A

1.5% of DNA

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14
Q

What percentage of DNA is non-coding? What does this mean?

A

98.5% of DNA

Non-coding DNA regulates coding DNA

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15
Q

What are the two types of DNA

A
  1. Coding DNA
  2. Non-coding DNA
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16
Q

Describe the structure of DNA.

A

DNA is a double helix structure consisting of two antiparallel polynucleotide chains connected by paired nucleotides.

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17
Q

What makes up the backbone of the double helix of DNA?

A

Nucleosides:

Alternating sugar + phosphate base

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18
Q

What is the name of the pentose sugar in the backbone of DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

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19
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases that form the “rungs” of DNA’s double helix?

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Thymine
  3. Guanine
  4. Cytosine
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20
Q

What are the two pairings for the nitrogenous bases of DNA?

A

(AT) Adenine + Thymine
(GC) Guanine + Cytosine

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21
Q

What holds the nitrogenous bases together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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22
Q

How does a strand of DNA form chromatin?

A

When DNA strands wrap around Histones

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23
Q

What are histones?

A

Proteins

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24
Q

How do chromatins form chromosomes?

A

When chromatins continue to wrap together like spools of yarn, they from cromosomes.

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25
Q

How many genes does each chromosome contain?

A

Hundreds to thousands of genes

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26
Q

How many chromosomes and pairs of chromosomes must a nucleus have to form a diploid?

A

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

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27
Q

In a diploid, how many homologous chromosomes are from the mother and father?

A

23 - maternal
23 - paternal

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28
Q

What is a homologous chromosome?

A

One chromosome out of the two that form a pair

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29
Q

What is a homologous pair?

A

When two homologous chromosomes form a pair.

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30
Q

What are gametes?

A

The reproductive cells:

Sperm and eggs

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31
Q

How many homologous chromosomes are found in a gamete?

A

23 chromosomes, half the amount of normal cells

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32
Q

What is the name of a cell with half the amount of DNA?

A

Haploid

33
Q

How many pairs of autosomal chromosomes and sex chromosomes does each human have?

A

22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes

1 pair of sex chromosomes

34
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A map of all the chromosomes in a dividing cell.

Image of all 23 pairs of chromosomes.

35
Q

What are two physical characteristics of RNA?

A
  1. Single stranded polymer
  2. Self complementary folds, bulges, and helices
36
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

DNA synthesises RNA which allows protein synthesis to occur

37
Q

Where is RNA found?

A

Found in the Nucleus and Cytoplasm

38
Q

What is the pentose sugar found in the sugar-phosphate backbone of RNA?

A

Ribose

39
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases found in RNA?

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Uracil
  3. Guanine
  4. Cytosine
40
Q

What phosphate molecules pair to form nitrogenous bases in RNA?

A
  1. Adenine + Uracil
  2. Guanine + Cytosine
41
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A
  1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  2. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
  3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
42
Q

How many proteins are there in the human body?

A

At least 10,000

43
Q

What is protein?

A

A long chain of amino acids (aa), linked together by peptide bonds.

44
Q

How many amino acids make up a protein?

A

20 amino acids

45
Q

What are the three types of amino acids that make up proteins and their quantities (totalling 20 amino acids)?

A
  1. Essential amino acids (9)
  2. Non-essential amino acids (5)
  3. Conditional amino acids (6)
46
Q

What are the four parts of an amino acid?

A
  1. Amine group
  2. Carboxyl group
  3. Hydrogen atom
  4. Side chain (R)
47
Q

How many amino acids are in a dipeptide?

A

2 aa

48
Q

How many amino acids are in an oligopeptide?

A

3-10 aa

49
Q

How many amino acids are in a polypeptide?

A

10 or more aa

50
Q

How many amino acids are in a protein?

A

50 or more aa

51
Q

What are the six functions of protein?

A
  1. Regulation
  2. Transport
  3. Protection
  4. Contraction
  5. Structure
  6. Energy
52
Q

What is the recommended intake of protein?

A

10-35% of total calories

53
Q

What are the four levels of structure of proteins?

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary
  4. Quaternary
54
Q

What are the two types of proteins?

A
  1. Fibrous proteins
  2. Globular proteins
55
Q

What are four characteristics of fibrous proteins?

A
  1. They’re elongated polypeptide chains arranged parallel to each other
  2. Insoluble in water
  3. Provide mechanical support and strength
  4. Less sensitive; less affected by changes in temperature and pH etc.
56
Q

What are four characteristics of globular proteins?

A
  1. Polypeptide chain folded into ball like structure
  2. Water soluble
  3. Mobile, chemically active
  4. More sensitive; more affected by changes in temperature and pH etc.
57
Q

What are three examples of fibrous proteins?

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Keratin
  3. Elastin
58
Q

What are three examples of globular proteins?

A
  1. Haemoglobin
  2. Myoglobin
  3. Insulin
59
Q

What type of protein plays a crucial role in almost all biological processes?

A

Globular proteins

60
Q

What is proteome?

A

Proteome is all the proteins a cell makes

61
Q

What is the name for the study of proteins in a cell?

A

Proteomics

62
Q

What determines the shape, properties and functions of a protein?

A

The specific arrangement of amino acids.

63
Q

What is a gene?

A

A segment of DNA that specifies the structure of a protein.

64
Q

What is genetic code?

A

The arrangements of nucleotides in DNA and RNA that determines the sequence of amino acids in a specific protein.

65
Q

What is gene expression?

A

The production of proteins from the information stored in DNA

66
Q

What is central dogma?

A

A directional flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein

67
Q

What are the two steps involved in gene expression?

A
  1. Transcription
  2. Translation
68
Q

Explain the process of transcription.

A

Involves producing a copy of a small part of the information stored in the DNA (gene)

That is sent out of the nucleus using mRNA (messenger RNA)

69
Q

Explain the process of translation.

A

A gene is brought from the nucleus to the ribosome via the mRNA.

The information from the gene is processed by the ribosome to configure a sequence of amino acids that forms a protein.

70
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

In the nucleus

71
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Inside ribosomes that are in the cytoplasm

72
Q

What are three types of cells?

A
  1. Somatic cells
  2. Germ cells
  3. Gametes
73
Q

How many chromosomes are in a somatic cell?

A

46 chromosomes (diploid number)

74
Q

Where are germ cells located?

A

In the gonads - ovaries and testes

75
Q

What is meiosis, and what is produced in this process?

A

The cell division of a germ cell producing a gamete

76
Q

What are the three stages of a cell’s life?

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Mitosis
  3. Cytokinesis
77
Q

What is the name for the location of a specific gene on a chromosome?

A

Locus

78
Q

What is an allele?

A

The different forms of the same gene.

Human Structure & Function (14 decks)

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