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Pathology > CNS 1 > Flashcards

CNS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

High ICP is above ?

  • 10 mm.
  • 15 mm.
  • 20 mm.
  • 25 mm.
A

15 mm

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2
Q

If the intra cranial volume is increased it will affect all of the following in the brain except?

  • Blood supply.
  • CSF.
  • Brain tissue.
  • Lymphatics.
A

Lymphatics

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3
Q

The normal CSF volume in an adult is?

  • 100-120 ml.
  • 120-150 ml.
  • 150-170 ml.
  • Above 200 ml.
A

120 - 150 ml

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4
Q

The normal production of CSF is?

A

450 ml / day

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5
Q

Types of hydrocephalus

A

Internal - external - communicating - non communicating - compensatory.

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6
Q

Increased CSF in the ventricular system causing enlargement of it

  • Internal hydrocephalus.
  • External hydrocephalus.
  • Communicating hydrocephalus.
  • Non communicating.
A

A

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7
Q

Increased CSF within the sub arachnoid space?

  • Internal hydrocephalus.
  • External hydrocephalus.
  • Communicating hydrocephalus.
  • Non communicating.
A

B

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8
Q

Hydrocephalus in which the CSF is freely flowing from the ventricular system into the subarachnoid space.

  • Internal hydrocephalus.
  • External hydrocephalus.
  • Communicating hydrocephalus.
  • Non communicating.
A

C

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9
Q

A hydrocephalus in which the CSF is not flowing freely from the ventricular system into the subarachnoid space?

  • Internal hydrocephalus.
  • External hydrocephalus.
  • Communicating hydrocephalus.
  • Non communicating.
A

D

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10
Q

The only type of hydrocephalus in which there is NO increased ICP?

  • Internal hydrocephalus.
  • External hydrocephalus.
  • compensatory hydrocephalus.
  • Non communicating.
A

C (there is increased CSF but with loss of brain tissue)

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11
Q

Causes of hydrocephalus

A

1- Obstruction of CSF flow.
2- Increased production of CSF.
3- Decreased absorption of CSF.
4- Cerebral atrophy.

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12
Q

The commonest cause of hydrocephalus?

  • Obstruction of CSF flow.
  • Increased production of CSF.
  • Decreased absorption of CSF.
  • Cerebral atrophy.
A

A

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13
Q

Meningitis can cause hydrocephalus and so high ICP by causing?

  • Obstruction of CSF flow.
  • Increased production of CSF.
  • Decreased absorption of CSF.
  • Cerebral atrophy.
A

A

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14
Q

Tumors of the choroid plexus causes?

  • Obstruction of CSF flow.
  • Increased production of CSF.
  • Decreased absorption of CSF.
  • Cerebral atrophy.
A

B

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15
Q

Occur in association with subarachnoid space?

  • Obstruction of CSF flow.
  • Increased production of CSF.
  • Decreased absorption of CSF.
  • Cerebral atrophy.
A

C

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16
Q

It is NOT accompanied by increased ICP?

  • Obstruction of CSF flow.
  • Increased production of CSF.
  • Decreased absorption of CSF.
  • Cerebral atrophy.
A

D

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17
Q

If the obstruction is on the foramina of Monroe the enlargement will be in?

  • One lateral ventricle.
  • Both lateral ventricles.
  • Entire ventricular system.
A

A

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18
Q

If the obstruction is on the third ventricle or aqueduct the enlargement will be in?

  • One lateral ventricle.
  • Both lateral ventricles.
  • Entire ventricular system.
A

B

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19
Q

If the obstruction is on the foramina of the 4th ventricle the enlargement will be in?

  • One lateral ventricle.
  • Both lateral ventricles.
  • Entire ventricular system.
A

C

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20
Q

Obstruction at the subarachnoid space leads to?

A

Enlargement of entire ventricular system but the hydrocephalus here is of the communicating type.

21
Q

The effects of hydrocephalus with high ICP?

A

1- Enlargement of the head (if developed before closure of the cranial sutures).

2- Enlargement of the ventricles + Brain tissue atrophy.

3- Increased ICP.

22
Q

Sites of brain hernias?

A

Subfalcine - Transtentorial - Tonsillar hernias

23
Q

Subfalcial hernia causes?

A

Infarcts of the anterior cerebral artery

24
Q

Transtentorial hernia result in?

A

1- 3rd CN palsy (mydriasis - pupil is un reactive to light - ptosis later).
2- 6th CN palsy (diplopia + lateral movement impaired).
3- hemorrhage in the midbrain and pons.

25
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar hernia result in?

A

Respiratory irregularity and cardiorespiratory failure + CSF flow obstruction

26
Q

Loss of brain function due to disturbed blood supply

A

Stroke

27
Q

Causes of stroke

A

1- Cerebral hemorrhage.
2- Intracerebral hemorrhage.
3- Subarachnoid hemorrhage.

28
Q

Causes of cerebral infarcts

A

1- Thrombosis on top of atherosclerosis.

2- Embolism from thrombi.

29
Q

The commonest intra cranial site of thrombosis is?

  • Anterior cerebral artery.
  • Middle cerebral artery.
  • Posterior cerebral artery.
  • Basilar artery.
A

B

30
Q

The commonest extra cranial site of thrombosis is?

  • Internal carotid artery.
  • External carotid artery.
  • Vertebral artery.
  • Aorta.
A

A

31
Q

The most susceptible areas of the brain to get a stroke by a thromboemboli is

A

Basal ganglia + Internal capsule

32
Q

The most susceptible areas of the of the brain to get a stroke by an atheroma is

A

Boundary zones

33
Q

The most common effect of cerebral infarct is

A

Hemiplegia

34
Q

Causes of intracerebral hemorrhage

A

1- HTN.
2- Amyloid angiopathy.
3- hemorrhagic brain tumor.
4- Blood diseases e.g acute leukemia.

35
Q

The most common cause of IC hemorrhage is

A

Hypertension

36
Q

Effects of IC hemorrhage

A

1- SOL effect ( high ICP + herniation).
2- Meningeal irritation.
3- Hemiplegia.

37
Q

Appears grossly as a mass of tortuous blood vessels

A

Arteriovenous malformations (AVM)

38
Q

The most common cause of SAH is

A

Berry aneurysm rupture

39
Q

Fusiform + in basilar artery?

  • Atherosclerotic aneurysm.
  • Mycotic aneurysm.
A

A

40
Q

Effects of aneurysm

A
  • Rupture.
  • Thrombosis.
  • Hydrocephalus.
41
Q

Metastasis from the brain occur only with?

A

Surgery - Ventriculo peritoneal shunt

42
Q

Cerebral edema can be divided into?

A

Vasogenic + Cytotoxic

43
Q

The accumulated fluid in the vasogenic edema is?

  • Intercellular.
  • Intracellular.
A

1

44
Q

Preferential site for a thromboemboli is ?

  • Basal ganglia.
  • Internal capsule.
  • Boundary zones.
A

A and B

45
Q

The preferential site for an atheroma is?

A

Boundary zones (cerebral cortex)

46
Q

If there is gilial tissue in the spacemen of a cerebral infracted brain, this means that the infarction started?

  • Days ago.
  • Years ago.
A

B

47
Q

The most Preferential site for hypertensive hemorrhages in the brain?

  • Basal ganglia.
  • Pons.
  • Cerebellum.
A

A

48
Q

if a cerebral hemorrhage reaches the SA space this will result in?

A

Meningeal irritation

49
Q

Positive Congo red stain indicates ?

  • HTN.
  • Amyloid angiopathy.
A

B

Pathology (24 decks)

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