CMB1004/L30 Applied Endocrinology Flashcards

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1
Q

Define steroid hormones.

A

Produced from cholestrol and released on demand upon stimulation of endocrine cells

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2
Q

Why are steroid hormones difficult to store?

A

They are lipophilic

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3
Q

Why do steroid hormones generally have slow long lasting effects?

A

Protein expression is changed which depends on the rate of production, and half-life of the protein once produced has long lasting effects

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4
Q

Describe the action of beta-2 receptors.

A

Mediate smooth muscle relaxation through the cAMP pathway

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5
Q

Describe the action of alpha-1 receptors.

A

Mediate smooth muscle contraction through the IP3/DAG pathway

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6
Q

Where is growth hormone (somatotropin) released from?

A

Anterior pituitary

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7
Q

Why is giganticism not a feature of growth hormone excess in adulthood?

A

Growth plates are fused, preventing linear growth

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8
Q

Give 2 symptoms of hypothyroidism in newborns/infants.

A

Decreased mental capacity
Short stature

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9
Q

Give 2 symptoms of hypothyroidism in children.

A

Decreased mental capacity
Decreased growth

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10
Q

Give 3 symptoms of hypothyroidism in adults.

A

General tiredness and lethargy
Cold intolerance
Weight gain
Bradycardia
Mental slowness
Depression (50%)
Puffy hands and face

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11
Q

Give a treatment for hypothyroidism.

A

Lexothroxine (T4)

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12
Q

Give 3 symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

A

Heat intolerance
Weight loss
Warm moist skin
Tachycardia
Fine tremor of fingers

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13
Q

Give a common cause of thyroxicosis (hyperthyroidism).

A

Graves Disease

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14
Q

What is Graves Disease?

A

Autoimmune condition in which auto-antibodies stimulate TSH receptor

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15
Q

Give 3 features of Graves Disease.

A

Upper eyelid retraction (stare)
Swelling of muscles in orbit (bulging eyes)
Goitre - enlarged thyroid due to overstimulation

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16
Q

What effect does cortisol have on inflammatory response?

A

Inhibition

17
Q

Which layer of the adrenal gland produces aldosterone?

A

Zona glomerulosa

18
Q

Describe Addison’s Disease.

A

Adrenocorticoid insufficiency
80% autoimmune with adrenal atrophy

19
Q

Give 3 symptoms of cortisol deficiency.

A

Weakness
Fatigue
Decreased appetite
Hypoglycaemia

20
Q

Give 4 symptoms of mineralocorticoid deficiency.

A

Excessive renal Na+ loss
Dehydration
Hypotension
Hypoatraemia
Hyperkalaemia
Acidosis

21
Q

Give 3 symptoms of Cushing’s Syndrome.

A

Central obesity with muscle wasting in arms and legs
Thinning of skin
Moon face
Hypertension
Psychological disturbances
Osteoporosis
Acne, amenorrhoea and hirsutism (adrenal androgen excess)