CMB1004/L25 Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe hormonal control of body systems/tissues.

A

Hormones are secreted by specialised cells into the blood and act on specific receptors in target tissues

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2
Q

Describe gap junctions specificity.

A

Dependent on anatomical location.

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3
Q

Describe synaptic transmission specificity.

A

Dependent on anatomical location and receptors

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4
Q

Describe paracrine and autocrine specificity.

A

Dependent on receptors

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5
Q

Describe endocrine specificity.

A

Dependent on receptors

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6
Q

Define classically the endocrine system.

A

Endocrine cells within endocrine glands release hormones which are conveyed by the blood stream and act on distant cells

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7
Q

Why isn’t the classical definition of the endocrine system fully correct?

A

Hormones can have local and distant effects

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8
Q

Give 3 examples of non-classical endocrine tissues.

A

Kidney
Heart muscle
Endothelium
Platelets
Adipocytes
White blood cells

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9
Q

Define a hormone.

A

Chemical messenger, synthesised by specialised cells, secreted into the blood in small amounts which act on a specific receptor in target organs to regulate cellular function

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10
Q

Give 3 features of hormones.

A

High affinity
Synergistic
Permissive
Antagonistic
Competitive

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11
Q

What is a synergistic hormone? Give an example.

A

The effect of two hormones is greater than one alone
Thyroid and norepinephrine on heart rate

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12
Q

What is a permissive hormone? Give an example.

A

The presence of one hormone is necessary for another to have an effect
Thyroid and aldosterone on Na/K pumps in kidney

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13
Q

Give an example of antagonistic hormones.

A

Insulin and glucagon

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14
Q

Give an example of competitive hormones.

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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15
Q

Give the 3 classes of hormones.

A

Steroids
Peptides
Amino acids

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16
Q

What are steroid hormones synthesised from?

A

Cholestrol

17
Q

What is the most commonly produced type of hormone in the body?

A

Peptide hormones

18
Q

What are amino acid hormones synthesised from? (which amino acid specifically?)

19
Q

When are steroid hormones released?

A

Immediately following synthesis

20
Q

Describe the structure of steroid hormones.

A

Small hydrophobic/lipophilic

21
Q

What kind of receptors do steroid hormones act on?

A

Intracellular receptors which bind to DNA

22
Q

Describe the effects of steroid hormones. (2)

A

Slow and long-lasting

23
Q

In which form are peptide hormones stored?

A

Preprohormones (inactive)

24
Q

What kind of receptors do peptide hormones bind to?

A

Cell surface receptors then via 2nd messenger systems

25
When are amino acids hormones released?
Instantly following synthesis
26
What kind of receptors do amino acid hormones bind to?
Intracellular receptors Cell surface receptors
27
Give 3 examples of 2nd messengers.
cAMP cGMP Ca2+ Diacylglycerol IP3
28
Give an example of a rapid hormone response.
Transporter protein activation/inhibition
29
Give an example of short-term hormone response.
General metabolism Neurotransmitter synthesis/release Receptor sensitivity
30
Give an example of long-term hormone response.
Regulation of gene expression
31
Give an example of a 3rd messenger.
Dephosphoprotein Phosphoprotein Via protein phosphatase/kinase
32
What kind of receptors cause muscle relaxation?
Beta-2 adrenergic receptors (cAMP pathway)
33
Give the 4 mechanisms of hormone release.
Continuous Pulsatile Circadian Exocytosis on stimulus
34
Give the one mechanism of steroid hormone activation.
Post-release modification
35
Give 3 mechanisms of hormonal control effects.
Modification Degradation Receptor down-regulation Termination of intracellular effects Negative feedback
36
Give 3 substances which regulate negative feedback loops.
Metabolites Hormone itself Tropic hormone released by pituitary