CMB1004/L14 Cell Communication Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is information transferred during cell signalling? (2)

A

Environment to cell
Cell to cell

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2
Q

Why is cell signalling used? (2)

A

Response to signals from environment
Coordinate cell behaviour

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3
Q

Give 5 examples of cell signalling.

A

Development
Nervous system
Immunology
Physiology
Pharmacology
Cell cycle/DNA repair
Metabolism

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4
Q

Give the 3 steps to a simple signalling pathway.

A

Signal
Reception
Response

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5
Q

Give the 5 key steps in a signalling pathway.

A

Signal
Reception
Transduction
Amplification
Response

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6
Q

How can the activity of proteins in a signalling pathway be regulated? (2)

A

Changing the level of protein (slow)
Changing activity of existing protein (fast)

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7
Q

By what 2 mechanisms can the activity of protein be modified?

A

Conformational change
Covalent modification e.g. phosphorylation

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8
Q

Give 5 examples of cell signalling methods.

A

Gap junction
Contact-dependent
Autocrine/paracrine signalling
Endocrine signalling
Synaptic signalling

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9
Q

Describe the gap junction method of cell signalling.

A

Signalling molecules pass directly from cell to cell through gap junction channels

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10
Q

Describe the contact-dependent method of cell signalling.

A

Signalling molecule on cell surface interacts directly with receptor on recipient cell

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11
Q

Which kind of cell signalling is particularly important during development?

A

Contact-dependent

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12
Q

Describe the paracrine signalling method of cell signalling.

A

Local mediators act on different cell types in close proximity via cell surface receptors

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13
Q

Describe the autocrine signalling method of cell signalling.

A

‘Self’ signalling in which the cell is able to bind the signal which it secretes
Other cells of same type can bind

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14
Q

What kind of molecules can cross the cell membrane?

A

Small hydrophobic molecules

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15
Q

What kind of molecules must bind to cell-surface receptors?

A

Hydrophilic signalling molecules

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16
Q

Describe the change to nuclear hormone receptors when ligand binding occurs. (2)

A

Conformational change occurs
Receptor-ligand complex regulates transcription of target genes

17
Q

Give 3 examples of intracellular receptor ligands.

A

Cortisol
Estradiol
Thyroxine
Testosterone
Vitamin D3
Retinoic acid

18
Q

Give an example of a ‘no receptor, no response’ situation.

A

Androgen receptors in androgen sensitivity syndrome
Absence of receptors causes female pattern of development regardless of sex chromosomes

19
Q

Describe the response of nitric oxide receptors to ligand binding (ACh). (3)

A

Conformational change
Produces a secondary messenger (cGMP)
Vasodilation

20
Q

Give the 3 classes of cell surface receptors.

A

Ion channel coupled
G-protein coupled (GCPRs)
Enzyme coupled