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CMB1004-Cell Biology > CMB1004/L05 Cell Cycle > Flashcards

CMB1004/L05 Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the products of meiosis?

A

4 genetically different haploid daughter cells

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2
Q

What are the products of mitosis?

A

2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells

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3
Q

In prokaryotes, what are the 2 phases of binary fission?

A

Replication & Division

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4
Q

In eukaryotes, what are the 4 phases of mitosis?

A

Mitosis & Cytokinesis
Synthesis
Gap phase
Interphase

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5
Q

Give the 6 stages of M phase.

A

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

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6
Q

What occurs during Prophase in mitosis? (2)

A

Mitotic spindle replicated and moved apart
Condensing and replication of chromosomes

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7
Q

What occurs during Prometaphase in mitosis? (2)

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down
Centrosomes at spindle pole and begin to bond to chromosomes

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8
Q

What occurs during Metaphase in mitosis? (2)

A

Sister chromatids align at spindle equator
Microtubules pull DNA to opposite poles of cell

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9
Q

What occurs during Anaphase in mitosis?

A

Sister chromatids pulled apart to form daughter chromosomes, separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell

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10
Q

What occurs during Telophase in mitosis? (3)

A

Contractile ring contracts
Nuclear envelope begins to form
Daughter chromosomes decondense

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11
Q

What occurs during Cytokinesis in mitosis? (4)

A

Contractile ring creates cleavage furrow
Nuclear envelopes complete
Actin & myosin pinch membrane
Reformation of interphase microtubules

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12
Q

What occurs during interphase? (3)

A

Cell growth
Gene transcription
Protein synthesis

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13
Q

What occurs during G1? (1)

A

Main growth
Checkpoint

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14
Q

What occurs during S phase?

A

DNA synthesis

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15
Q

What occurs during G2? (1)

A

Growth and final preparation
Checkpoint

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16
Q

Name the 3 checkpoints of mitosis.

A

G1, G2 & M

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17
Q

What internal factor regulates checkpoints in mitosis?

A

Growth factors (GFs)

18
Q

What external factors regulate checkpoints in mitosis? (2)

A

Density-dependent inhibition
Anchorage replication

19
Q

What are checkpoints in mitosis controlled by?

A

Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk)

20
Q

What signals that a cell is ready to proceed to the next phase in mitosis?

A

Phosphorylation

21
Q

What is quiescence?

A

Absence of proliferation signals in cells

22
Q

What occurs in mammalian cells with no signals? (2)

A

Enter G0
Apoptosis

23
Q

What occurs during G0?

A

Maintenance only

24
Q

What causes the most variation in frequency of cell division?

A

Time in G0/G1

25
Q

Give 2 examples of growth factors.

A

Platelet-derived growth factor
Fibroblast growth factor
Epidermal growth factor

26
Q

What concentration of growth factor is required for mitosis?

A

10^-10M

27
Q

Lack of what molecule causes cells to enter G0?

A

Growth factor

28
Q

When is apoptosis triggered? (2)

A

Physiologic activation
Pathogenic activation

29
Q

Give 2 examples of physiologic activation of apoptosis.

A

Embryonic development
Removal/remodelling of tissues
Maintenance of homeostasis
Control cell numbers

30
Q

Give 2 examples of pathogenic activation of apoptosis.

A

Viral infection
Heat shock/toxins
Removal of stressed/damaged cells

31
Q

What kind of signals can activate apoptosis? (2)

A

Hormonal signals
Direct signals from contacting cells

32
Q

What 2 things can suppress apoptosis?

A

Survival factors
Contact with extracellular matrix

33
Q

What is gene p53?

A

Transcription factor that increases apoptosis genes

34
Q

What 3 key events occur during apoptosis?

A

Activation of gene p53
Mitochondria become leaky and release cytochrome C
Activation of caspases

35
Q

What causes gene p53 to activate?

A

DNA damage

36
Q

Which checkpoint do cells with activated p53 become blocked at?

A

G1

37
Q

What does the caspase cascade lead to? (2)

A

Activation of Dnase
Cleavage of lamins and cytoskeleton

38
Q

What 3 functions do caspases have?

A

Cleaving of nuclear lamins
Activation of DNase
Cleave cytoskeleton

39
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Accidental cell death due to injury

40
Q

What occurs during necrosis? (3)

A

Nuclear swelling
Cell membrane becomes leaky
Lysis & cell contents released

41
Q

What bodily response is caused by necrosis?

A

Inflammation

CMB1004-Cell Biology (30 decks)

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