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Psychiatry > Clinical Aspects of Substance Misuse > Flashcards

Clinical Aspects of Substance Misuse Flashcards

1
Q

What type of drug is cocaine?

A

Monoamine reuptake inhibitor

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2
Q

What does a monoamine reuptake inhibitor do?

A

Increase dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline

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3
Q

How quickly does cocaine affect someone if they smoke it?

A

Almost immediately

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4
Q

How quickly does cocaine affect someone if they smoke it?

A

3-5 minutes

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5
Q

What are some of the negative effects of cocaine?

A
  • damage to nose and airways
  • convulsions with respiratory failure
  • cardiac arrhythmia’s and MI
  • paranoid psychosis
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6
Q

What are the withdrawal effects from cocaine?

A
  • Depression
  • Irritability
  • Agitation
  • Craving
  • Hyperphagia
  • Hypersomnia
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7
Q

What is the common amphetamine that is used?

A

Amphetamine sulphate

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8
Q

What are the effects of amphetamine sulphate similar to?

A

Cocaine

the effects are longer lasting

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9
Q

What are the negative effects of amphetamines?

A

Toxic confusion
Convulsions
Death

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10
Q

What is common with chronic use of amphetamines?

A

Amphetamine psychosis

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11
Q

What are some examples of opioids?

A
  • Opium
  • Morphine
  • Heroin (diamorphine)
  • Methadone
  • Codeine and dihydrocodeine
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12
Q

What was heroin first synthesised from?

A

Morphine

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13
Q

What was heroin used to treat initially?

A

Morphine addiction

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14
Q

How can heroin be administered?

A

Smoking

Injecting

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15
Q

What is the main receptor that heroin acts on?

A

Mu receptor

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16
Q

What is the result of heroin acting on the Mu receptor?

A

Mood effects
Analgesia
Euphoria

17
Q

What are some of the effects of heroin on the body?

A
  • Emotional analgesia
  • Nausea initially
  • Euphoria
  • Pin point pupils
  • Itching/sweating
  • Constipation
  • Decreased libido/menstrual irregularities
  • Reduced cough reflex
18
Q

What can a heroin overdose cause?

A
  • Respiratory depression
  • Snoring indicates risk
  • Bradycardia
  • Hypotension
  • Death
19
Q

How does opiate withdrawal syndrome present?

A
  • craving
  • insomnia
  • yawning
  • muscle pain and cramps
  • increased salivary, nasal and lacrimal secretions
  • dilated pupils
  • piloerection (hence ‘cold turkey’)
20
Q

What are some examples of benzodiazepines?

A
  • Diazepam (Valium)
  • Nitrazepam
  • Temazepam
  • Alprazolam (Xanax)
  • Lorazepam
21
Q

What type of drugs are benzodiazepines?

A

GABA agonists

22
Q

What are the effects of ecstasy?

A
  • relaxed euphoric state without hallucinations
  • euphoria followed by feeling of calm
  • increased sociability
23
Q

How long do the effects of ecstasy last?

A

20 minutes to 2-4 hours

24
Q

What are the side effects of ecstasy?

A
  • Nausea and dry mouth
  • increased blood pressure and temperature
  • in clubs users risk dehydration
  • large doses can cause anxiety and panic
  • drug induced psychosis
25
Q

What is the most commonly used illicit drug?

A

cannabis

26
Q

What is the psychoactive agent in cannabis?

A

Tetrahydrocannabinol

27
Q

What are the negative side effects of cannabis?

A
  • respiratory problems as with tobacco
  • toxic confusion
  • exacerbation of major mental illness
  • cannabis psychosis
28
Q

What are some examples of performance and image enhancing drugs?

A
  • Anabolic Steroids
  • Growth Hormone
  • Injectable Tanning agents eg Melotan
29
Q

What are anabolic steroids legitimately prescribed for?

A

Hypogonadism
Muscular dystrophy
Various anaemias
Wasting in AIDS

30
Q

What are anabolic steroids used for?

A

To enhance appearance -increase muscle mass and reduce body fat

31
Q

What are cardiovascular side effects of anabolic steroids?

A

Increased cholesterol and hypertension

32
Q

How can growth deficits occur with anabolic steroids?

A

Anabolic steroids cause premature closure of the epiphyses

33
Q

What liver disease can anabolic steroids cause?

A

Cholestatic jaundice

Liver tumours

34
Q

What are the psychological side effects of anabolic steroids?

A
  • Irritability and anger – ‘roid rage’
  • Hypomania and mania
  • Depression and suicidality on withdrawal
35
Q

What effects can anabolic steroids have on the skin?

A

Acne
Stretch marks
Baldness

36
Q

What effect can steroids have in males?

A

Feminisation in males with hypogonadism and gynaecomastia

37
Q

What effect can anabolic steroids have in women?

A 
Virilisation in women including 
Hirsutism
Deep voice
Clitoral enlargement
Menstrual irregularities
Hair thinning

Psychiatry (28 decks)

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