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Biology > Cliff's - Chapter 3 - Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cliff's - Chapter 3 - Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular Respiration

(definition)

A

ATP-generating process

occurs within cells

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2
Q

How is ATP formed? (simple)

A

energy extracted from glucose

forms ATP from ADP and Pi

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3
Q

Chemical Equation

(energy production, cellular respiration)

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

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4
Q

molecular formula glucose

A

C6H12O

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5
Q

general molec formula glucose or carb

A

CH2O

(CH2O)n

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6
Q

aerobic respiration

(definition)

A

cellular respiration in presence of O2

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7
Q

Cellular respiration components

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs cycle
  3. Oxidative phosphorylation
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8
Q

Glycolysis

(definition)

A

glucose —> pyruvate

(decomposition)

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9
Q

lysis (synonym)

A

decomposition

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10
Q

intermediate products formed during glycolysis (how many?)

A

9

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11
Q

each intermediate product of glycolysis is catalyzed by an

A

enzyme

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12
Q

in 6 of the steps of glycosylation, magnesium ions are

A

cofactors that promote enzyme activity

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13
Q

summary of glycoslyation

A

2 ATP added

2 NADH produced

4 ATP produced

2 Pyruvate formed

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14
Q

why are 2 ATP added for glycosylation?

A

first several steps require input of energy

alters glucose in prep for subsequent steps

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15
Q

how are NADH produced in glycosylation?

A

NAD+ + 2e- + H+ —> NADH

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16
Q

NADH is a type of

A

coenzyme

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17
Q

H+ to form NADH is obtained from

A

intermediate molecule during breakdown of glucose

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18
Q

net ATP from glycolysis

A

2

(4 produced but 2 used)

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19
Q

glycosylation occurs in the

A

cytosol

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20
Q

Krebs Cycle

(definition)

A

details what occurs to pyruvate produced during glycosylation

(2 pyruvate produced during glycosylation)

multiply products of krebs cycle x2 to account for 2 pyruvate

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21
Q

step leading to krebs cycle

A

pyruvate + CoA —> acetyl CoA

also produced: 1 NADH, 1 CO2

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22
Q

CoA

A

coenzyme A

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23
Q

initiating step of krebs cycle

A

acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate —> citrate

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24
Q

7 intermediate products of krebs cycle

A
  1. citrate (3-carbon citrate)
  2. 3 NADH
  3. 1 FADH2
  4. CO2
  5. 1 ATP
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25
Q

FADH2

A

coenzyme, like NADH

accepts electrons during rxn

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26
Q

krebs cycle aka

A

citric acid cycle

or

tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle

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27
Q

TCA

A

tricarboxyclic acid

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28
Q

OAA

A

oxaloacetate

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29
Q

CO2 produced by krebs cycle is

A

CO2 animals exhale

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30
Q

memorize fig 4.1

cellular respiration

A
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31
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

extracting ATP form NADH + FADH2

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32
Q

electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass along the

(oxidative phosph)

A

electron transport chain (etc)

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33
Q

ETC consists of

A

proteins that pass electrons

carrier protein –> carrier protein —> carrier protein

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34
Q

cytochromes

A

carrier proteins

include nonprotein parts containing iron

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35
Q

along each step of chain, electrons give up energy used to

A

phosphorylate ADP to ATP

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36
Q

NADH provides electrons –> enough energy to generate

A

3 ATP

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37
Q

FADH2 —>

A

2 ATP

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38
Q

final electron acceptor of ETC

39
Q

1/2 O2 accepts two electrons and

A

forms H2O with 2 H+

40
Q

cytochrome c

A

carrier proteins in ETC

so ubiquitous among living organisms that protein comapred among species to compare genetic relatedness

100-amino-acid sequence protein

41
Q

glycolysis occurs in the

42
Q

1 glucose = how many ATP

(theoretically)

glycolysis

A

glycolysis (cytoplasm)

2 NADH

2 ATP

2 pyruvate

net: 2 ATP

43
Q

1 glucose = how many ATP

(bw glycolysis and krebs)

2 pyruvate —> 2 acetyl CoA

44
Q

1 glucose = how many ATP?

Krebs

2 acetyl CoA —>

A

6 NADH

2 FADH2

2 ATP

45
Q

1 glucose = how many ATP

oxidative phosphorylation

A

1 NADH —> 3 ATP (x6)

1 FADH2 –> 2 ATP (x2)

net: 38 ATP

butttttttttt

46
Q

1 glucose = how many ATP

energy needed for ox. phosph.

A

2 NADH produced in cytoplasm during glycolysis transported to mitochondria for oxidative phosphorylation

thus

1 NADH —> 2 ATP (x6

47
Q

Mitochondria is the site of

(cellular respiration)

A

krebs cycle

oxidative phosphorylation

48
Q

4 distinct areas of mitochondrion

A
  1. outer membrane
  2. intermembrane space
  3. inner membrane
  4. matrix
49
Q

outer membrane

(mitochondrion)

A

like plasma membrane

phosopholipid bilayer

50
Q

intermembrane space

(mitochondrion)

A

narrow area bw inner and outer membranes

H+ ions accumulate here

51
Q

Inner membrane

form

(mitochondrion)

A

second membrane

phospholipid bilayer

convulations called cristae

52
Q

inner membrane

fxn

(mitochondrion)

A

xite of oxidative phosophorylation

ETC removes electrons form NADH and FADH2

then transports H+ from matrix to intermembrane space

53
Q

electron transport chain consists of

A

series of protein complexes

54
Q

5 examples of protein complexes (ETC)

A
  1. PC I
  2. PC II
  3. PC III
  4. PC IV
  5. ATP synthase
55
Q

ATP synthase

A

protein complex in ETC

site of phosphorylation

ADP –> ATP

56
Q

Matrix

form

fxn (site of 2 processes of cellular respiration)

(mitochondrion)

A

fluid material

fills area inside inner membrane

site of:

  1. Krebs cycle
  2. pyruvate —> acetyl CoA
57
Q

figure 4-2

chemiosmois in mitochondria

58
Q

chemiosmosis is ATP generation when

A

energy stored in form of proton concentration gradient across membrane

59
Q

chemiosmosis in mitochondria occurs during

A

oxidative phosphorylation

60
Q

5 steps of chemiosmosis in mitochondria

A
  1. krebs cycle —> NADH, FADH2 in matrix
  2. electrons removed from NADH, FADH2
  3. protons transported from matrix –> intermembrane space
  4. pH & electrical gradient across inner membrane created
  5. ATP synthase generates ATP
61
Q
  1. Krebs cycle

(chemiosmosis)

A

produces

NADH, FADH2 in matrix

CO2 generated

substrate-level phosphorylation produces ATP

62
Q
  1. oxidative phosphorylation

(chemiosmosis)

A

electrons removed from NADH, FADH2

by protein complexes in inner membrane

electrons move along ETC

63
Q
  1. protons transported from matrix to intermembrane compartment

(chemiosmosis)

A

transported via protein complexes

matrix –> inner membrane —> intermebrane space

64
Q
  1. pH and electrical gradient across inner membrane created

(chemiosmosis)

A

conc. protons increases in intermembrane space –> pH decreases

conc protons decreases in matrix —> pH increases

conc protons in matrix further decreases —>

electrons from ETC combine with H+ and O —> H2O

result:

proton gradient

electric charge gradient

65
Q

proton and electric charge gradients in mitochondrion serve as

(chemiosmosis)

A

potential energy reserves

66
Q
  1. ATP synthase generates ATP

(chemiosmosis)

A

ATP synthase allows protons in intermembrane compartment —> matrix

protons moving through channel generate energy –>

ATP synthase –> ATP

67
Q

two types of phosphorylation

A
  1. substrate-level phosphorylation
  2. oxidative phosphorylation
68
Q

ATP synthase

A

channel protein in inner membrane (part of ETC)

69
Q

phosphorylation

A

metabolic process for generating ATP

70
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

ADP + Pi —-> ATP

substrate molecule donates high energy phosphate group

occurs durying glycolysis

71
Q

substrate molecule

(substrate level phosphorylation)

A

molecule with phosphate group

72
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

ADP + Pi —> ATP

Pi does not include energy for bond

electrons from ETC provide energy

energy electrons —> generate H+ gradient —> energy to ATP synthase —> energy to form ATP from ADP + Pi

73
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen

74
Q

What is not going on in anaerobic respiration?

A

no electron acceptor to accept electrons at end of ETC

75
Q

if no electrons at end of ETC

(anaerobic respiration)

A

all NAD+ —> NADH

NADH accumulates

krebs cycle, glycolysis halt

no new ATP produced

cell dies

76
Q

in order to proceed, krebs cycle and glycolysis both need

(anaerobic respiration)

A

NAD+ to accept electrons

77
Q

anaerobic respiration prevents cell death due to lack of oxygen by

A

replenishing NAD+

so glycolysis can proceed

78
Q

two common metabolic pathways

anaerobic respiration

A

alcohol

lactic fermentation

79
Q

anaerobic respiration occurs in the

A

cytosol

(alongside glycolysis)

80
Q

Alcohol Fermentation

occurs in

A

plants

fungi (yeast)

bacteria

81
Q

Steps of alcohol fermentation

A
  1. Pyruvate –> acetaldehyde
  2. Acetaldehyde —> ethanol
82
Q

pyruvate —> acetaldehyde

(alcohol fermentation)

A

pyruvate —> CO2 + acetaldehyde

83
Q

CO2 formed in first step of alcohol fermentation is source of

(pyruvate –> acetaldehyde)

A

carbonation in fermented drinks (beer, champagne)

84
Q

acetaldehyde —> ethanol

(alcohol fermentation)

A

rxn driven by energy in NADH

releases NAD+

acetaldehyde —> ethanol + NAD+

85
Q

ethanol produced in second step of alcohol fermentation is source of

acetaldehyde —> ethanol

A

alcohol in beer, wine

86
Q

NAD+ is freed from NADH by this process

(alcohol fermentation)

A

energy from NADH drives rxn

acetaldehyde —> ethanol

NAD+ released

87
Q

NAD+ released during alcohol fermentation allows

A

glycolysis to continue

88
Q

in absence of O2, all NAD+ is bottled up in

89
Q

without oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation cannot

A

accept electrons from NADH

90
Q

ATP yield

alcohol fermentation

A

2 ATP

from glycolysis, for each 2 converted pyruvate

91
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvate —> lactic acid (lactate)

in process

NADH —> NAD+

(NADH gives up electron)

92
Q

NAD+ produced in lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation used for

A

glycolysis

93
Q

in humans + mammals

most lactate transported to…

94
Q

lactate that is transported to the liver of humans and other mammals is…

A

converted to glucose when surplus ATP available

Biology (19 decks)

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