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Biology > Chapter 9 - Muscles and Locomotion > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Muscles and Locomotion Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

basic internal framework of the vertebrate body

A

musculoskeletal system

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2
Q

muscles and bones work in close coordination to produce

A

voluntary movement

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3
Q

in addition to working together, bone and muscle perform many

A

independent functions

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4
Q

physical support and locomotion are hte functions of the animal

A

skeletal system

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5
Q

force is generated by

A

muscular system

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6
Q

protozoans and primitive algae may move by

(unicellular locomotion)

A

beating cilia or flagella

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7
Q

cilia and flagella of all eukaryotic cells possess same basic structure

each contains

A

a cylindrical stalk of eleven microtubules - nine paired microtubules arrounged in a circle with two single microtubules in the center

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8
Q

flagella achieve movement by means of a

A

power stroke

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9
Q

power stroke

A

means of movement for flagella

thrusting movement generated by sliding action of microtubules

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10
Q

recovery stroke

A

return of cilium or flagellum to original position

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11
Q

pseudopodia

A

locomotion of amoeba

advancing cell membrane extends forward, allowing cell to move

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12
Q

invertebrate locomotion

hydrostatic skeletons

flatworms

A

e.g. planaria

muscles within body wall of advanced flatworms arranged in two antagonistic layers

longitudinal and circular

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13
Q

the muscles of the flatworm contract against the restistance of the

A

incompressible fluid within the animal’s tissues

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14
Q

hydrostatic skeleton of flatworm

A

hydrostatic fluid against which muscles contract

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15
Q

contraction of the circular layer of muscles causes

(flatworm locomotion)

A

incompressible interstitial fluid to flow longitudinally, lengthening the animal

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16
Q

contraction of the longitudinal layer of muscles

flatworm locomotion

A

shortens the flatworm

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17
Q

hydrostatic skeleton in which each segment of animal can expand or contract independently operates the same in

A

flatworms and annelids

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18
Q

annelids

earthworms advance by axn of muscles on a

(invertebrate locomotion)

A

hydrostatic skeleton

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19
Q

setae

A

bristles in the lower part of each segment of the earthworm

anchor the earthworm temporarily in the earth

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20
Q

as bristles in the lower part of each segment of the earthworm anchor the worm to the earth, _____ push ahead

A

muscles

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21
Q

exoskeleton

(invertebrate locomotion)

A

hard skeleton that covers all muscles and organs of some invertebrates

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22
Q

exoskeletons found primarily in

A

arthropods

e.g. insects

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23
Q

insect exoskeleton

composition

A

chitin

composed of noncellular material secreted by epidermis

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24
Q

advantage vs. disadvantage of exoskeleton

A

offer protection

but

growth limitations

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25
Q

molting

A

to overcome limitations on growth imposed by exoskeleton

periodic molting and deposition of new skeleton are necessary tp permit body growth

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26
Q

endoskeleton

A

framework within all vertebrate organisms

muscles attached to bones, permitting movement

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27
Q

in addition to permitting movement, endoskeleton also

A

provide protection by surrounding delicate vital organs in bone

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28
Q

example of protective function of endoskeleton

A

rib cage protects thoracic organs (heart and lungs)

skule protects brain

vertebrate colum protects spinal cord

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29
Q

two major components of skeleton

A

cartilage

bone

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30
Q

cartilage

A

connective tissue

softer, more flexible than bone

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31
Q

cartilage retained in adults in places where

A

firmness and flexibility are needed

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32
Q

human adult cartilage components

A

external ear

nose

walls of larynx, trachea

skeletal joints

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33
Q

bone

A

mineralized connective

has ability to withstand physical stress

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34
Q

bone tissue is ideally designed for body support

A

hard and strong

elastic and lightweight

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35
Q

two types of bone

A

compact bone

spongy bone

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36
Q

compact bone

A

dense bone

naked eye cannot see cavities

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37
Q

osteons

fxn

(Haversian systems)

(compact bone)

A

bony matrix deposited in structural units - osteons

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38
Q

osteon

structure

A

central microscopic channel - Haversian canal

surrounded by concentric circles of bony matrix (calcium phosphate) - lamellae

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39
Q

Haversian canal

A

central microscopic channel of osteon

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40
Q

lamellae

A

concentric circles of bony matrix (calcium phosphate) surrounding Haversian canal

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41
Q

bony matrix is composed of

A

calcium phosphate

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42
Q

spongy bone

A

less dense than compact bone

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43
Q

spongy bone

structure

A

interconnecting lattice of bony spicules (trabeculae)

cavities in between spicules filled with yellow and/or red bone marrow

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44
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

found in cavities between spicules of spongy bone

inactive

infiltrated by adipose tissue

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45
Q

red bone marrow

A

fills cavities between spicules of spongy bone

involved in blood cell formation

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46
Q

osteocytes

two types

cells found in bone tissue

A

osteoclasts

osteoblasts

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47
Q

osteoblasts

A

synthesize and secrete organic constituents of bone matrix

once surrounded by matrix, mature into osteocytes

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48
Q

osteoclasts

A

large multinucleated cells

bone resorption

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49
Q

osteoBLASTS vs osteoCLASTS

A

build bone

vs

destroy bone

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50
Q

two mechanisms for bone formation

A
  1. endochondrial ossification
  2. intramembraneous ossification
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51
Q

endochondral ossification

A

existing cartilage replaced by bone

long bones arise primarily via endochondral ossification

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52
Q

intramembraneous ossification

A

messenchymal (embryonic, undifferentiated) connective tissue is transformed into, and replaced by, bone

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53
Q

axial skeleton

A

basic famework of the body

skull, vertebral column, rib cage

54
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

attaches to axial skeleton

bones of appendages, pectoral, pelvic girdles

55
Q

sutures, immovable joints

A

hold bones of skull together

56
Q

movable joints

A

hold together bones that move relative to one another

57
Q

ligaments

A

support and strengthen movable joints

bone-to-bone connectors

58
Q

tendons

A

attach skeletal muscle to bones

bend skeleton at movable joints

59
Q

origin

A

point of attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone

(proximal end in limb muscles)

60
Q

insertion

A

point of attachment of muscle to bone that moves

(distal end in limb muscles)

61
Q

extension

A

straightening of a joint

62
Q

flexion

A

bending of a joint

63
Q

muscle tissue

A

bundles of specialized contractile fibers held together by connective tissue

64
Q

three morphologically and functionally distinct types of muscle in mammals

A

skeletal muscle

smooth muscle

cardiac muscle

65
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary movements

innervated by somatic nervous system

66
Q

the skeletal muscle is composed of muscle fibers, which are made up of

A

multinucleated cells

67
Q

multinucleated cell is created by the fusion of

A

several mononucleated embryonic cells

68
Q

myofibrils

A

filaments embedded in the muscle fibers

69
Q

sarcomeres

A

contractile units which make up the myofibrils

70
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

evelopes myofibrils

modified endoplasmic reticulum

stores calcium ions

71
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

72
Q

sarcolemma

A

muscle cell membrane

73
Q

the sarcolemma is capable of

A

propagating an action potential

74
Q

the sarcolemma is connected to

A

system of transverse tubules (T system) oriented perpindicularly to the myofibrils

75
Q

T system (transverse tubules)

A

channels for ion flow throughout muscle fibers

can propagate action potential

76
Q

because of the high energy requirements of contraction, ______ are abundant in muscle cells

A

mitochondria

77
Q

mitochondria in muscle cells

A

very abundant

distributed along myofibrils

78
Q

striations

A

light and dark bands of skeletal muscle

79
Q

skeletal muscle is aka

A

striated muscle

80
Q

two components of muscle cell that can propagate an action potential

A

sarcolemma

t system (transverse tubules)

81
Q

sarcomere

structure

A

thin and thick filaments

82
Q

the thin filaments of sarcomere are

A

chains of actin molecules

83
Q

the thick filaments of the sarcomere are

A

organized bundles of myosin molecules

84
Q

sarcomere

organization

A

Z line

M line

I band

H zone

A band

85
Q

Z lines

A

define boundaries of a single sarcomere

anchors thin filaments

86
Q

M line

A

runs down center of sarcomere

87
Q

I band

A

region containing thin filaments only

88
Q

A band

A

spans entire length of thick filaments

and any overlapping portions of thin filaments

89
Q

during contraction of the sarcomere

A

A band NOT reduced in size

H zone, I abnd are reduced in size

90
Q

H zone

A

region containing thick filaments only

(pg 117)

91
Q

muscle contraction is stimulated by

A

a message from the somatic nervous system

sent via a motor neuron

92
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

link between nerve terminal (synaptic bouton) and sarcolemma of muscle fiber

93
Q

synapse (synaptic cleft)

A

space between sarcolemma and nerve terminal

94
Q

depolarization of motor neuron results in

A

release of neurotransmitters (acetylcholine) from nerve terminal

95
Q

neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft and

A

binds to special receptor sites on sarcolemma

96
Q

action potential is generated when

A

enough of receptors on sarcolemma are stimulated and permeability of sarcolemma is altered

97
Q

once action potential is generated, it is conducted along the

A

sarcolemma and T system

98
Q

after the action potential is conducted along the sarcolemma and T system, it is conducted into the

A

interior of the muscle fiber

99
Q

conduction of action potential into interior of muscle fiber causes the

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions

100
Q

the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions into the

A

sarcoplasm

101
Q

once calcium ions are released into the sarcoplasm from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, they intiate the

A

contraction of the sarcomere

102
Q

all-or-none response

and the threshold value

A

individual muscle fibers generally exhibit an all-or-none response

only a stimuls above a minimal value called the threshold value can elicit contraction

103
Q

threshold value

A

minimal value above which a stimulus can elicit contraction

104
Q

strenght of a contraction of a single muscle fiber cannot be

A

increased, regardless of strength of stimulus

105
Q

although strength of contraction of single muscle fiber cannot be increased, regardless of the strength of the stimulus, the strength of contraction of the entire muscle can be increased by

A

recruiting more muscle fibers

106
Q

simple twitch

definition

A

response of a single muscle fiber to a brief stimulus at or above threshold stimulus

107
Q

simple twitch consists of

A

latent period

contraction period

relaxation period

108
Q

latent period

(simple twitch)

A

time between stimulation and onset of contraction

action potential spreads along sarcolemma and Ca2+ ions are released

109
Q

contraction period caused by

(simple twitch)

A

action potential spreads along sarcolemma and Ca2+ ions released

110
Q

relaxation period

(absolute refractory period)

(simple twitch)

A

muscle is unresponsive to stimululs

111
Q

temporal summation

A

fibers of a muscle are exposed to very frequent stimuli

muscle cannot fully relax

contractions begin to combine, becoming stronger and more prolonged

112
Q

tetanus

A

contractions become continuous when stimuli are so frequent that muscle cannot relax

stronger than simple twitch of a single fiber

113
Q

if tetanus is maintained

A

muscle will fatigue and contraction will weaken

114
Q

tonus

A

state of partial contraction

muscles are never completely relaxed and maintain partially contracted state at all times

115
Q

smooth muscle is responsible for

A

involuntary actions

116
Q

smooth muscle is innervated by

A

autonomic nervous system

117
Q

smooth muscle is found in the

A

digestive tract, bladder, uterus, blood vessel walls, etc

118
Q

smooth muscles possess ____ nuceus

A

one centrally located

119
Q

smooth muscles ________ skeletal muscles

A

lack the striations of

120
Q

cardiac muscle fibers

A

compose muscle tissue of the heart

121
Q

cardiac muscle possess characteristics of

A

both skeletal and smooth muscle

122
Q

as in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle has

A

actin and myosin filaments arranged in sarcomeres

123
Q

this is what gives muscle a striated appearance

A

actin and myosin filaments arranged in sarcomere

124
Q

like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle has

A

only one or two centrally located nuclei

125
Q

primary source of energy for muscle contraction

A

ATP

126
Q

where does ATP for muscle cells come from?

A

very little ATP stored in muscles

other forms of energy must be converted to ATP

127
Q

creatine phosphate

(vertebrates and some invertebrates - echinoderms)

A

high-energy compound

temporarily stores energy for muscles

128
Q

arginine phosphate

(invertebrates)

A

high-energy compound

temp. stores energy for muscles

similar to creatine phosphate used in vertebrates and some invertebrates (echinoderms)

129
Q

myoglobin

A

hemoglobin-like protein

found in muscle tissue

high oxygen affinity

maintains oxygen supply in muscles by binding oxygen tightly

130
Q
A

Biology (19 decks)

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