Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Chapter 11 - Excretion > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Excretion Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

excretion - definition

A

removal of metabolic wastes produced in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

elimination - definition

A

removal of indigestible material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

most of the body’s activities produce metabolic wastes that must be

A

removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

aerobic respiration leads to production of

A

CO2 and H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

deamination of amino acids in the liver leads to production of

A

nitrogenous wastes - urea; ammonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

all metabolic processes lead to production of

A

mineral salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

mineral salts produced by all metabolic processes must be excreted by the

A

kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

in phyla: protozoa, cnidarians - all cells are in contact with

A

external, aqueous environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

water soluble waste (ammonia; CO2) can exit cell via

A

simple diffusion through cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

passive excretion

A

water solube wastes exiting cell via simple diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

contractile vacuole

some freshwater protozoa

A

organelle specialized for water excretion by active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cell is able to maintain volume and pressure by

A

excess water, which continually diffuses into the cell from hypotonic environment (fresh water) is collected and periodically pumped out of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

in annelids (earthworms), carbon dioxide excretion occurs directly through

A

moist skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

nephridia

A

two pairs in each body segment;

excrete water, mineral salts, nitrogenous wastes in form of urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

insects (arthropods) - carbon dioxide is released from _____ into ______

A

tissue; adjacent tube-like trachaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

tube-like trachaea of insects are continuous with external air through openings called

A

spiracles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

nitrogenous waste excreted in form of

A

solid uric acid crystals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the use of solid nitrogenous wastes is an adaptation for the

A

conservation of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

mineral salts and uric acid accumulate in the

A

malphigian tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

after accumulating in the malphigian tubules, mineral salts and uric acid are transported to the

A

intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

once transported to the intestine, the mineral salts and uric acid are

A

expelled with solid wastes of digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

principal organs of excretion in humans

A

lungs, liver, skin, kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

excretion in the lungs

A

CO2 and water vapor diffuse from blood and are continually exhaled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

excretion in skin

A

sweat glands excrete:
water
dissolved salts
small quantity of urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

perspiration serves to regulate

A

body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

evaporation of sweat produces

A

cooling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

liver and excretion

A

processes:
nitrogenous wastes
blood pigment wastes
other chemicals for excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

urea is produced by

A

deamination of amino acids in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

once urea is produced, it diffuses into the

A

blood for excretion in kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

bile salts and red blood pigments are excreted as ____ and pass out with the _____

A

bile; feces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

kidneys function to maintain

A

osmolarity of the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

in addition to maintaining osmolarity of the blood, kidneys function to

A

excrete waste products and toxic chemicals

conserve glucose, salt and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

the kidneys regulate the concentration of

A

salt and water in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

the kidneys regulate concentration of salt and water in the blood through

A

formation and excretion of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

the kidneys are shaped like

A

beans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

the kidneys are located

A

behind the stomach and liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

each kidney is composed of

A

~1 million units of nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

the kidney is divided into ____ regions

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

the regions of the kidney

A

outer cortex
inner medulla
renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

nephron - structure

A 
Bowman's capsule
glomerulus
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
41
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

bulb

embraces capillary bed - glomerulus

42
Q

glomerulus

A

capillary bed

43
Q

Bowman’s capsule leads into a

A

long coiled tubule

44
Q

long coiled tubule following Bowman’s capsule is divided into

A

4 functionally distinct units

45
Q

4 functionally distinct units following Bowman’s capsule

A

proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct

46
Q

loop of Henle runs through

A

medulla

47
Q

convoluted tubules and bowman’s capsule are in the

A

cortex

48
Q

the collecting tubules serve to transport

A

concentrated urine

49
Q

from the collecting tubules, the concentrated urine flows into the

A

pelvis of the kidney

50
Q

pelvis of the kidney

structure, location

A

funnel-like region

opens directly into ureter

51
Q

ureter from each kidney empty into the

A

urinary bladder

52
Q

urinary bladder

A

where urine collects until expelled via the urethra

53
Q

urine is expelled via the

A

urethra

54
Q

most of the nephron is surrounded by a complex

A

peritubular capillary network

55
Q

peritubular capillary network

A 
surrounds nephron
facilitates reabsorption of:
amino acids
glucose
salts
water
56
Q

three processes that lead to urine formation

A

filtration
secretion
reabsorption

57
Q

blood pressure forces 20% of the blood plasma entering the glomerulus through the

A

capillary walls and into the surrounding Bowmans capsule

58
Q

filtrate

A

fluid and small solutes entering the nephron

59
Q

the filtrate is _____ with the blood plasma

A

isotonic

60
Q

particles too large to filter through the glomerulus,

A

e.g. blood cells
albumin

remain in the circulatory system

61
Q

filtration is a ____ process

A

passive

62
Q

filtration is driven by the

A

hydrostatic pressure of the blood

63
Q

the nephron secretes

A

acids
bases
ions (potassium, phosphate)

64
Q

nephron secretes substances from the _____ into the _____

A

interestitial fluid;

filtrate

65
Q

nephron secretes substances from the interstitial fluid into the filtrate via ____ and _____ transport

A

active and passive

66
Q

materials are secreted from the _____ into the ____

A

peritubular capillaries;

nephron tubule

67
Q

essential substances examples

A

glucose
salts
amino acids

68
Q

essential substances and water are _____ from the filtrate and _____

A

reabsorbed;

returned to the blood

69
Q

reabsorption occurs in the

A

proximal convoluted tubule

70
Q

reabsorption is an _____ process

A

active

71
Q

movement of molecules is accompanied by the

A

passive movement of water

72
Q

movement of the molecules accompanied by the passive movement of water results in the formation of

A

concentrated urine

73
Q

concentrated urine is _____ to the bood

A

hypertonic

74
Q

glomerulus is like a collander

A

small molecules dissolved in the fluid will pass through the glomerulus (e.g. glucose which is later reabsorbed)

large molecules (e.g. proteins and blood cells) will not

75
Q

if blood cells or protein are found in the urine, this is indicates a problem with

A

levels of glomerulus

76
Q

nephron - function

A

maintains bloodstream’s solute gradient

77
Q

through selective permeability of its walls and the maintenance of an osmolarity gradient, the nephron

A

reabsorbs nutrients, salts, water from filtrate and returns them to body

78
Q

the selective permeability of the tubules establishes an ______ in the ______

A

osmolarity gradient;

interstitial fluid

79
Q

by exiting and reentering at different segments of the nephron, solutes create an

A

osmolarity gradient

80
Q

tissue osmolarity increases from _____ to _____

A

cortex;

inner medulla

81
Q

solutes that contribute to maintenance of osmolarity gradient

A

urea

salt (Na+ and Cl-)

82
Q

the osmolarity of urine is determined by

A

the concentration of dissolved particles

83
Q

the osmolarity of urine is established in the

A

collecting tubule by means of counter-current-multiplier system

84
Q

counter-current-multiplier system

A

anatomic arrangement of the loop of Henle within the kidney permits establishment of the concentration gradient that permits the reabsorption of 99% of filtrate in the collecting tubules

85
Q

the anatomic arrangement of the loop of Henle within the kidney permits

A

concentration gradient

86
Q

the concentration gradient permits

A

the reabsorption of 99% of the filtrate in the collecting tubules

87
Q

reabsorption of 99% of the filtrate occurs in the

A

collecting tubules

88
Q

the production of concentrated urine is made possible by

A

counter-current-multiplier system

89
Q

the counter-current system causes the medium in the medulla of the kidney to be

A

hyperosmolar

90
Q

the medium in the medulla is hyperosmolar with regards to the

A

dilute filtrate flowing in the collecting tubule

91
Q

as filtrate flowing in the collecting tubules passes through this region of the kidney, on its way to pelvis and ureter,

A

water flows out of hte collecting tubules by osmosis

92
Q

water flows out of the collecting tubules by

A

osmosis

93
Q

water is removed by

A

capillaries flowing in the medulla

94
Q

reabsorption of water in this zone of the kidney (medulla) depends on the

A

permeability of the collecting tubules of water

95
Q

the reabsorption of water in the kidney permits

A

concentration of urine

96
Q

regulation of the permeability of the collecting tubule to water is by

A

ADH (vasopressin)

97
Q

ADH _____ permeability of the collecting duct to ______

A

increases;

water

98
Q

ADH increase permeability of collecting duct to water allows

A

more water to be absorbed and more concentrated urine to be formed

99
Q
A

Biology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions