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Biology > Chapter 10 - Digestion > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Digestion Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

animals are

heterotrophic or autotrophic

A

heterotrophic

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2
Q

because animals are heterotrophic, they

A

are unable to synthesize their own nutrients

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3
Q

food provides raw material for

A

energy
repair
growth of tissues

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4
Q

in order to get energy, repair and growth of tissues, food must be

A

ingested

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5
Q

digestion

A

degradation of large molecules into smaller molecules

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6
Q

the degradation of large molecules into smaller molecules allows for their

A

absorption into the bloodstream

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7
Q

once these smaller molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream, they can be

A

used directly by cells

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8
Q

intracellular digestion

A

occurs within the cell

usually in membrane-bound vesicles

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9
Q

extracellular digestion

A

digestive process that occurs outside of the cell

within a lumen or tract

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10
Q

in unicellular organisms, food capture is primarily via

A

phagocytosis

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11
Q

immediately following food ingestion, ____ form

unicellular organisms

A

food vacuoles

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12
Q

in the amoeba (unicellular), _____ surround and engulf food

A

pseudopods

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13
Q

phagocytosis

A

surround and engulf (food)

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14
Q

once pseudopods surround and engulf food, (amoeba)

A

enclose it in food vacuoles

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15
Q

lysosomes contain

A

digestive enzymes

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16
Q

lysosomes fuse with the

amoeba

A

food vacuole

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17
Q

once lysosomes fuse with the food vacuole, they

amoeba

A

release their digestive enzymes

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18
Q

the digestive enzymes of the lysosome act upon the

amoeba

A

nutrients in the food vacuoles

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19
Q

after the enzymes act upon the nutrients in the food vacuoles, the simpler molecules
(amoeba)

A

diffuse into the cytoplasm

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20
Q

the unusable end-products are

amoeba

A

eliminated from the vacuole

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21
Q

in the paramecium (unicellular)-

_____ sweep food into the oral groove and cytopharynx

A

cilia

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22
Q

____ forms around food at the lower end of the cytopharynx

paramecium

A

food vacuole

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23
Q

after food vacuole forms around the food at the lower end of the cytopharynx,
(paramecium)

A

the vacuole breaks off into the cytoplasm

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24
Q

after the food vacuole breaks off into the cytoplasm,

paramecium

A

it progresses towards the anterior end of the cell

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25
Q

_____ are secreted into the vacuole

paramecium

A

enzymes

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26
Q

after enzymes are secreted into the vacuole

paramecium

A

the products diffuse into the cytoplasm

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27
Q

solid wastes are expelled at the

paramecium

A

anal pore

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28
Q

physical breakdown of food begins with

A

cutting and grinding in the mouth
and
churning in the digestive tract

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29
Q

after physical breakdown, the molecular composition is ______

A

unchanged

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30
Q

physical breakdown of large particles of food to small particles provides a

A

greater surface area of the substrates for the enzymes to act on

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31
Q

chemical breakdown of molecules is accomplished by

A

enzymatic hydrolysis

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32
Q

the smaller digested nutrients are able to

A

pass through the semi-permeable plasma membrane of the gut cells

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33
Q

examples of smaller digested nutrients

A

glucose
fatty acids
amino acids
glycerol

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34
Q

after the smaller digested nutrients pass through the semi-permeable plasma membrane of the gut cells, they are

A

further metabolized or transported

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35
Q

the hydra (cnidarians) uses _____ and ____ for digestion

A

intracelllular;

extracellular

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36
Q

_____ bring food to the mouth (ingestion)

hydra

A

tentacles

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37
Q

after the tentacles bring the food to the mouth

hydra

A

they release the particles into a cup-like sac

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38
Q

gastrovascular cavity lined with

A

endodermal cells

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39
Q

endodermal cells that line the gastrovascular cavity secrete

A

enzymes into the cavity

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40
Q

digestion mostly occurs

A

outside the cells (extracellular)

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41
Q

once the food is reduced to small fragments, the ____ engulf the nutrients

A

gastrodermal cells

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42
Q

once the gastrodermal cells engulf the nutrients

A

digestion is completed intracellularly

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43
Q

undigested food is

A

expelled through the mouth

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44
Q

every cell is exposed to the

A

external environment

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45
Q

intracellular digestion is facilitated by the fact that

A

every cell is exposed to the external environment

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46
Q

annelids, like higher animals have a

A

one-way digestive tract

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47
Q

one-way digestive tract includes

annelids

A

both mouth and anus

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48
Q

one-way digestive tract allows for

annelids

A

specialization of different parts of the digestive tract for different functions

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49
Q

digestive tract parts include

annelids

A 
mouth
pharynx
espohagus
crop 
gizzard
intestine
anus
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50
Q

crop

annelids

A

store food

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51
Q

gizzard

annelids

A

grind food

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52
Q

intestine

annelids

A

contains large dorsal fold (typholosole) to provide increased surface area for digestion and absorption

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53
Q

typholosole

annelids

A

large dorsal fold in the intestine

provides increased surface area for digestion and absorption

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54
Q

soluble food passes by ____

annelids

A

diffusion

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55
Q

solid food passes by diffusion through

annelids

A

walls of small intestine into blood

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56
Q

insects (arthropods) have a digestive system similar to a

A

earthworm (annelids)

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57
Q

insects (arthropods), in addition to the parts of the earthworm, have

A

salivary glands (digestive glands)

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58
Q

salivary glands (digestive glands) in arthropods (insects) improve

A

food digestion

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59
Q

the human digestive tract begins with the

A

oral cavity

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60
Q

human digestive tract components

A 
oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
anus
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61
Q

accessory organs of the human digestive tract are

A

salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gall bladder

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62
Q

accessory glands play essential role in

A

digestion

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63
Q

the oral cavity (mouth) is where ____ begins

A

mechanical and chemical digestion of food begins

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64
Q

mechanical digestion

A

breakdown of large food particles into smaller particles

through mastication

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65
Q

mastication

A

biting and chewing action of teeth

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66
Q

chemical digestion

A

enzymatic breakdown of macromolecules into smaller molecules

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67
Q

chemical and mechanical digestion both begin in the

A

mouth

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68
Q

chemical digestion begins in the mouth when

A

salivary glands secrete saliva

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69
Q

saliva

A

lubricates food to facilitate swallowing

provides a solvent for food particles

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70
Q

saliva is secreted in response to

A

nervous reflex triggered by presence of food in the oral cavity

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71
Q

nervous reflex which secretes saliva is triggered by

A

presence of food in the oral cavity

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72
Q

saliva contains the enzyme

A

salivary amylase (ptyalin)

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73
Q

salivary amylase (ptyalin)

A

hydrolyzes starch to maltose

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74
Q

maltose is a type of

A

disaccharide

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75
Q

esophagus

A

muscular tube leading from mouth to the stomach

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76
Q

food is moved down the esophagus by

A

rhythmic waves of involuntary muscular contractions called peristalsis

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77
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic waves of involuntary muscle contractions

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78
Q

stomach

description

A

large

muscular organ

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79
Q

stomach

location

A

upper abdomen

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80
Q

stomach ____ and _____ food

A

stores;

partially digests

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81
Q

walls of the stomach are lined by the

A

thick gastric mucosa

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82
Q

thick gastric mucosa which lines stomach contains

A

glands

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83
Q

glands of the thick gastric mucosa secrete

A

mucus

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84
Q

mucus secreted by glands of thick gastric mucosa

A

protect stomach lining from harshly acidic juices (pH = 2) in the stomach

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85
Q

in addition to mucus, glands of stomach also secrete

A

pepsin;

HCl

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86
Q

pepsin

A

protein-hydrolyzing enzyme

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87
Q

HCl

A

kills bacteria
dissolves intercellular “glue” holding food tissues together
activates certain proteins

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88
Q

churning of the stomach produces

A

chyme

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89
Q

chyme

A

acidic, semi-fluid mixture of partially digested food

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90
Q

after produced in stomach, chyme passes into

A

first segment of small intestine, the duodenum, through the pyloric sphincter

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91
Q

duodenum

A

first segment of small intestine

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92
Q

chemical digestion is completed in the

A

small intestine

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93
Q

the small intestine is divided into ___ sections

A

3

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94
Q

3 sections of the small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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95
Q

the small intestine is highly adapted to ____

A

absorption

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96
Q

the intestine is extremely long and highly coiled in order to

A

maximize surface area available for digestion and absorption

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97
Q

length of intestine

A

greater than 6 meters

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98
Q

villi

A

numerous finger-like projections that extend out of the intestinal wall

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99
Q

villi contain

A

capillaries and lacteals

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100
Q

lacteals

A

vessels of the lymphatic system

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101
Q

amino acids and monosaccharides pass through the _____ into the _____

A

villi walls;

capillary system

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102
Q

large fatty acids and glycerol pass into the

A

lacteals

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103
Q

after the large fatty acids and glycerol pass into the lacteals, they are

A

reconverted into fats

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104
Q

fat =

A

fatty acid + glycerol

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105
Q

some nutrients are _____ while others are _____ in the intestine

A

actively absorbed;

passively absorbed

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106
Q

active absorption means

A

requires energy

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107
Q

nutrients that are actively absorbed in the intestine

A

glucose;

amino acids

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108
Q

most digestion in the small intestine occurs in the

A

duodenum

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109
Q

in addition to most digestion, the duodenum is the site where secretions from the ___, ____. ____, ____ mix together with the _____ entering from the _____

A 
intestinal glands, 
pancreas,
liver,
gall bladder
acidic chyme entering;
stomach
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110
Q

intestinal mucosa secretes (3)

A

lipases
aminopeptidases
disaccharides

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111
Q

lipases secreted from intestinal mucosa for

A

enzyme for fat digestion

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112
Q

aminopeptidases secreted from intestinal mucosa for

A

enzymes for polypeptide digestion

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113
Q

disaccharides secreted from intestinal mucosa for

A

digestion of maltose, lactose, sucrose

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114
Q

lactase

A

disaccharide

breaks down lactose (milk sugar)

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115
Q

lactase is present in ____ but many ____ lack the enzyme

A

infants;

adults

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116
Q

those who lack lactase are

A

lactose intolerant

117
Q

lactose in the small intestine

A

cannot be digested

118
Q

since lactose in the small intestine cannot be digested, it is

A

metabolized by bacteria

119
Q

the metabolism of lactose by bacteria in the small intestine causes

A

intestinal discomfort

120
Q
A
121
Q

because animals are heterotrophic, they

A

are unable to synthesize their own nutrients

122
Q

food provides raw material for

A

energy
repair
growth of tissues

123
Q

in order to get energy, repair and growth of tissues, food must be

A

ingested

124
Q

digestion

A

degradation of large molecules into smaller molecules

125
Q

the degradation of large molecules into smaller molecules allows for their

A

absorption into the bloodstream

126
Q

once these smaller molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream, they can be

A

used directly by cells

127
Q

intracellular digestion

A

occurs within the cell

usually in membrane-bound vesicles

128
Q

extracellular digestion

A

digestive process that occurs outside of the cell

within a lumen or tract

129
Q

in unicellular organisms, food capture is primarily via

A

phagocytosis

130
Q

immediately following food ingestion, ____ form

unicellular organisms

A

food vacuoles

131
Q

in the amoeba (unicellular), _____ surround and engulf food

A

pseudopods

132
Q

phagocytosis

A

surround and engulf (food)

133
Q

once pseudopods surround and engulf food, (amoeba)

A

enclose it in food vacuoles

134
Q

lysosomes contain

A

digestive enzymes

135
Q

lysosomes fuse with the

amoeba

A

food vacuole

136
Q

once lysosomes fuse with the food vacuole, they

amoeba

A

release their digestive enzymes

137
Q

the digestive enzymes of the lysosome act upon the

amoeba

A

nutrients in the food vacuoles

138
Q

after the enzymes act upon the nutrients in the food vacuoles, the simpler molecules
(amoeba)

A

diffuse into the cytoplasm

139
Q

the unusable end-products are

amoeba

A

eliminated from the vacuole

140
Q

in the paramecium (unicellular)-

_____ sweep food into the oral groove and cytopharynx

A

cilia

141
Q

____ forms around food at the lower end of the cytopharynx

paramecium

A

food vacuole

142
Q

after food vacuole forms around the food at the lower end of the cytopharynx,
(paramecium)

A

the vacuole breaks off into the cytoplasm

143
Q

after the food vacuole breaks off into the cytoplasm,

paramecium

A

it progresses towards the anterior end of the cell

144
Q

_____ are secreted into the vacuole

paramecium

A

enzymes

145
Q

after enzymes are secreted into the vacuole

paramecium

A

the products diffuse into the cytoplasm

146
Q

solid wastes are expelled at the

paramecium

A

anal pore

147
Q

physical breakdown of food begins with

A

cutting and grinding in the mouth
and
churning in the digestive tract

148
Q

after physical breakdown, the molecular composition is ______

A

unchanged

149
Q

physical breakdown of large particles of food to small particles provides a

A

greater surface area of the substrates for the enzymes to act on

150
Q

chemical breakdown of molecules is accomplished by

A

enzymatic hydrolysis

151
Q

the smaller digested nutrients are able to

A

pass through the semi-permeable plasma membrane of the gut cells

152
Q

examples of smaller digested nutrients

A

glucose
fatty acids
amino acids
glycerol

153
Q

after the smaller digested nutrients pass through the semi-permeable plasma membrane of the gut cells, they are

A

further metabolized or transported

154
Q

the hydra (cnidarians) uses _____ and ____ for digestion

A

intracelllular;

extracellular

155
Q

_____ bring food to the mouth (ingestion)

hydra

A

tentacles

156
Q

after the tentacles bring the food to the mouth

hydra

A

they release the particles into a cup-like sac

157
Q

gastrovascular cavity lined with

A

endodermal cells

158
Q

endodermal cells that line the gastrovascular cavity secrete

A

enzymes into the cavity

159
Q

digestion mostly occurs

A

outside the cells (extracellular)

160
Q

once the food is reduced to small fragments, the ____ engulf the nutrients

A

gastrodermal cells

161
Q

once the gastrodermal cells engulf the nutrients

A

digestion is completed intracellularly

162
Q

undigested food is

A

expelled through the mouth

163
Q

every cell is exposed to the

A

external environment

164
Q

intracellular digestion is facilitated by the fact that

A

every cell is exposed to the external environment

165
Q

annelids, like higher animals have a

A

one-way digestive tract

166
Q

one-way digestive tract includes

annelids

A

both mouth and anus

167
Q

one-way digestive tract allows for

annelids

A

specialization of different parts of the digestive tract for different functions

168
Q

digestive tract parts include

annelids

A 
mouth
pharynx
espohagus
crop 
gizzard
intestine
anus
169
Q

crop

annelids

A

store food

170
Q

gizzard

annelids

A

grind food

171
Q

intestine

annelids

A

contains large dorsal fold (typholosole) to provide increased surface area for digestion and absorption

172
Q

typholosole

annelids

A

large dorsal fold in the intestine

provides increased surface area for digestion and absorption

173
Q

soluble food passes by ____

annelids

A

diffusion

174
Q

solid food passes by diffusion through

annelids

A

walls of small intestine into blood

175
Q

insects (arthropods) have a digestive system similar to a

A

earthworm (annelids)

176
Q

insects (arthropods), in addition to the parts of the earthworm, have

A

salivary glands (digestive glands)

177
Q

salivary glands (digestive glands) in arthropods (insects) improve

A

food digestion

178
Q

the human digestive tract begins with the

A

oral cavity

179
Q

human digestive tract components

A 
oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
anus
180
Q

accessory organs of the human digestive tract are

A

salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gall bladder

181
Q

accessory glands play essential role in

A

digestion

182
Q

the oral cavity (mouth) is where ____ begins

A

mechanical and chemical digestion of food begins

183
Q

mechanical digestion

A

breakdown of large food particles into smaller particles

through mastication

184
Q

mastication

A

biting and chewing action of teeth

185
Q

chemical digestion

A

enzymatic breakdown of macromolecules into smaller molecules

186
Q

chemical and mechanical digestion both begin in the

A

mouth

187
Q

chemical digestion begins in the mouth when

A

salivary glands secrete saliva

188
Q

saliva

A

lubricates food to facilitate swallowing

provides a solvent for food particles

189
Q

saliva is secreted in response to

A

nervous reflex triggered by presence of food in the oral cavity

190
Q

nervous reflex which secretes saliva is triggered by

A

presence of food in the oral cavity

191
Q

saliva contains the enzyme

A

salivary amylase (ptyalin)

192
Q

salivary amylase (ptyalin)

A

hydrolyzes starch to maltose

193
Q

maltose is a type of

A

disaccharide

194
Q

esophagus

A

muscular tube leading from mouth to the stomach

195
Q

food is moved down the esophagus by

A

rhythmic waves of involuntary muscular contractions called peristalsis

196
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic waves of involuntary muscle contractions

197
Q

stomach

description

A

large

muscular organ

198
Q

stomach

location

A

upper abdomen

199
Q

stomach ____ and _____ food

A

stores;

partially digests

200
Q

walls of the stomach are lined by the

A

thick gastric mucosa

201
Q

thick gastric mucosa which lines stomach contains

A

glands

202
Q

glands of the thick gastric mucosa secrete

A

mucus

203
Q

mucus secreted by glands of thick gastric mucosa

A

protect stomach lining from harshly acidic juices (pH = 2) in the stomach

204
Q

in addition to mucus, glands of stomach also secrete

A

pepsin;

HCl

205
Q

pepsin

A

protein-hydrolyzing enzyme

206
Q

HCl

A

kills bacteria
dissolves intercellular “glue” holding food tissues together
activates certain proteins

207
Q

churning of the stomach produces

A

chyme

208
Q

chyme

A

acidic, semi-fluid mixture of partially digested food

209
Q

after produced in stomach, chyme passes into

A

first segment of small intestine, the duodenum, through the pyloric sphincter

210
Q

duodenum

A

first segment of small intestine

211
Q

chemical digestion is completed in the

A

small intestine

212
Q

the small intestine is divided into ___ sections

A

3

213
Q

3 sections of the small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

214
Q

the small intestine is highly adapted to ____

A

absorption

215
Q

the intestine is extremely long and highly coiled in order to

A

maximize surface area available for digestion and absorption

216
Q

length of intestine

A

greater than 6 meters

217
Q

villi

A

numerous finger-like projections that extend out of the intestinal wall

218
Q

villi contain

A

capillaries and lacteals

219
Q

lacteals

A

vessels of the lymphatic system

220
Q

amino acids and monosaccharides pass through the _____ into the _____

A

villi walls;

capillary system

221
Q

large fatty acids and glycerol pass into the

A

lacteals

222
Q

after the large fatty acids and glycerol pass into the lacteals, they are

A

reconverted into fats

223
Q

fat =

A

fatty acid + glycerol

224
Q

some nutrients are _____ while others are _____ in the intestine

A

actively absorbed;

passively absorbed

225
Q

active absorption means

A

requires energy

226
Q

nutrients that are actively absorbed in the intestine

A

glucose;

amino acids

227
Q

most digestion in the small intestine occurs in the

A

duodenum

228
Q

in addition to most digestion, the duodenum is the site where secretions from the ___, ____. ____, ____ mix together with the _____ entering from the _____

A 
intestinal glands, 
pancreas,
liver,
gall bladder
acidic chyme entering;
stomach
229
Q

intestinal mucosa secretes (3)

A

lipases
aminopeptidases
disaccharides

230
Q

lipases secreted from intestinal mucosa for

A

enzyme for fat digestion

231
Q

aminopeptidases secreted from intestinal mucosa for

A

enzymes for polypeptide digestion

232
Q

disaccharides secreted from intestinal mucosa for

A

digestion of maltose, lactose, sucrose

233
Q

lactase

A

disaccharide

breaks down lactose (milk sugar)

234
Q

lactase is present in ____ but many ____ lack the enzyme

A

infants;

adults

235
Q

those who lack lactase are

A

lactose intolerant

236
Q

lactose in the small intestine

A

cannot be digested

237
Q

since lactose in the small intestine cannot be digested, it is

A

metabolized by bacteria

238
Q

the metabolism of lactose by bacteria in the small intestine causes

A

intestinal discomfort

239
Q

the liver produces

A

bile

240
Q

after the liver produces bile, it is stored in the

A

gall bladder

241
Q

the bile is stored in the gall bladder prior to

A

release into the small intestine

242
Q

bile contains no

A

enzymes

243
Q

bile emulsifies

A

fats

244
Q

bile emulsifies fats, which means it

A

breaks down large globules into small droplets

245
Q

emulsification of fats

A

exposes a greater surface area of the fat

246
Q

the emulsification of fats exposes a greater surface area of the fat to the

A

pancreatic lipase

247
Q

in the absence of bile, fats

A

cannot be digested

248
Q

the pancreas produces

A

enzymes

249
Q

examples of enzymes produces by the pancreas

A

amylase
trypsin
lipase

250
Q

amylase is for digestion of

pancreas

A

carbs

251
Q

trypsin is for digestion of

pancreas

A

proteins

252
Q

lipase is for the digestion of

pancreas

A

fats

253
Q

the pancreas secretes

A

bicarbonate rich juice

254
Q

the bicarbonate rich juice secreted by the pancreas

A

neutralizes acidic chyme arriving from stomach

255
Q

pancreatic enzymes operate optimally at ____ pH

A

higher (8.5) - slightly alkaline

256
Q

the large intestine is appx ___ long

A

1.5 meters

257
Q

the large intestine functions in the absorption of

A

salts and any water not already absorbed by small intestine

258
Q

rectum

large intestine

A

transient storage of feces prior to elimination through anus

259
Q

plants have ___ digestive system

A

no

260
Q

although plants have no digestive system, _____ processes do occur

A

intracellular digestive

261
Q

intracellular digestion in plants coordinates

A

utilization of nutrients with their production

262
Q

plants store ___, ___, ___, ____ in the cell

A

polymers
starches
lipid
proteins

263
Q

the principle storage food in plants is

A

starge

264
Q

starch is a type of

A

glucose polysaccharide

265
Q

starch is found in large quantities in the ___, ____, ___ parts of the plant

A

seeds
stems
roots

266
Q

storage polymers are broken down to simpler molecules when

A

nutrients are required

267
Q

storage polymers are broken down into these types of simpler molecules

A

glucose
fatty acids
glycerol
amino acids

268
Q

storage polymers are broken down to simpler molecules by

A

enzyme hydrolysis

269
Q

the simple products (glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, amino acids) can be used

A

in the storage cell itself
or
transported by diffusion to other cells

270
Q

if the simple products are to be used by other cells, they are transported via

A

diffusion

271
Q

some heterotrophic organisms (e.g. fungi) must _______ from the environment

A

obtain preformed organic molecules (nutrients)

272
Q

in order to obtain the nutrients from the environment,

fungi

A

enzymes are secreted

273
Q

the secreted enzymes are able to

A

hydrolyze complex nutrients into simpler molecules

274
Q

the simple molecules that have been hydrolyzed from complex nutrients by enzymes can be used for

A

energy to synthesize larger molecules

275
Q

rhizoids

A

fungus of bread mold

typical saprophyte which lives on dead organic material

276
Q

the rhizoids do this to bread

A

secrete enzymes (onto external environment)

277
Q

digestion produces

A

simple soluble end-products

278
Q

simple soluble end-products produces by digestion

A

glucose
amino acids
fatty acids
glycerol

279
Q

simple soluble end-products are then

A

absorbed by diffusion into rhizoid

280
Q

after the simple soluble end-products are absorbed by diffusion into the rhizoid,

A

they are transported throughout the mold

281
Q

venus flytrap (extracellular digestion)

A

comes closest to ingestion in the plant kingdom

282
Q

when a fly arrives, certain sensitive tissues

A

entrap the insect

283
Q

after the sensitive tissues of the venus flytrap have entrapped the insect,

A

enzymes are secreted to digest the fly and absorb the soluble end products

284
Q

enzymes are secreted by the venus flytrap in order to

A

digest the fly and absorb the soluble end products

285
Q

the venus fly trap is a ____troph

A

auto

286
Q

the venus flytrap is an autotroph because

A

photosynthesizes to produce glucose

287
Q

the venus flytrap uses the insect as a

A

nitrate sources

288
Q

the venus flytrap uses the insect as a nitrate source because

A

the flytrap grows in nitrogen-poor soil

289
Q

the liver produces

A

bile

Biology (19 decks)

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