Chapter 14 - Taxonomy Flashcards
billions of years of evolution have led to ______ of living organisms
great diversity
scientists _____ relationships among organisms
relationships
taxonomy
science of classification and nomenclature
taxonomy groups organisms based on
evolutionary relationships
most confusion about classification with regards to
unicellular organisms
taxonomy takes into account
anatomical characteristics structural characteristics modes of excretion movement digestion genetic makeup biochemical capabilities
taxonomic organization proceeds from the ____ to the ____
largest, broadest group
smallest, most specific subgroups
modern scheme order
- 3 domains
- 5 kingdoms
3a. phylum (animal kingdom)
3b. division (other kingdoms)
4a. subphylum
4b. subdivision - class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
organisms of the same _____ can mate with one another
species
human classification
domain: eukarya
kingdom: animalia
phylum: chordata
subphylum: vertebrata
class: mammalia
order: primates
family: hominidae
genus: homo
species: sapiens
all organisms are assigned a scientific
name
scientific name consists of
Genus
species
nomenclature of scientific name originated by
Carl Linnaeus
originally, all living things were classified into two categories
plants
animals
5 kingdoms
monera protista plantae fungi animalia
viruses are considered to ____ living organisms
not be
viruses cannot function outside of a
host cell
viruses are dependent upon host’s
reproductive machinery to replicate
monerans (euk or pro)
prokaryotes
no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
monerans are _____ celled organisms
single
monerans reproduce
asexully
protista (euk or pro)
primitive eukaryotes
protista has both ____ and ____ characteristics
plant-like
animal-like
protista are ____ celled or composed of _____
single;
colonies of similar cells
protista cells have differentiation of specialized tissue (y or n?)
no
protista includes all simple eukaryotes that cannot be classified as
plant or animal
eg protista: Euglena
motility of animals
photosynthetic property of plants
fungi is ____ plants
non-photosynthetic
fungi resemble plants in that they are
multicellular
differentiated
non-motile
fungi are not
photosynthetic
fungi exhibit these interspecific interactions
parasitic (symbiosis)
saprophytic
eg saprophytic fungus
bread mold
eg parasitic fungus
athlete’s food
cell walls of fungus composed of
chitin
cell walls in plants composed of
cellulose
plantae: 4 properties
multicellular
differentiation
non-motile
photosynthetic
in reproduction, many plants exhibit
alternation of generations
distinct embryonic phase
animalia: 5 properties
multicellular heterotrophic motile differentiated organs in higher forms
monera split into
archaea (formerly archaebacteria)
bacteria (used to be eubacteria)
archaea is more similar to ____ than to _____
eukarya;
bacteria
viruses do not carry out physiological or biochemical processes outside of a
host
viruses may be considered
nonliving
viruses are highly advanced
parasites
viruses are capable of
taking over a host’s cellular machinery and directing the replication of the viral genome and protein coat
viruses have these types of life-cycles
lysogenic
lytic
lysogenic life cycle (viruses)
integration of bacteriophage dna into host bacterium’s genome
newly integrated genetic material (bacteriophage dna + host genome)
prophage
prophage is transmitted to
each daughter cell through each successive reproduction
via a later event (UV radiation), genetic material of prophage can be
released
if prophage genome is released, it can cause proliferation via
lytic cycle
lytic cycle is the ____ method of viral reproduction
main
lytic cycle results in destruction of
infected cell
in lytic cycle, viral dna exists as
separate molecule from host dna
because the viral dna exists as a separate molecule within the bacterium
(lytic cycle)
it can reproduce separately
viruses contain
DNA or RNA
essential enzymes
surrounded by protein coat
bacteriophages
viruses which exclusively attack bacteria
monerans
prokaryotic cells
monerans exist as ___ or ____
single cells
aggregates of cells that stick together after division
cyanobacteria aka
blue-green algae
cyanobacteria live primarily
in fresh water
also marine environments
structure of cyanobacteria
cell wall
photosynethetic pigments
cyanobacteria have no
flagella
true nucleus
chloroplasts
mitochondria
cyanobacteria can withstand
extreme temperatures
cyanobacteria are believed to be descended from
first organisms which developed photosynthetic properties
bacteria
single celled prokaryotes
bacteria DNA
single double-stranded circular loop of DNA
not enclosed by nuclear membrane
almost all forms of bacteria have a
cell wall
bacteria play active role in ____ cycles
biogeochemical
biogeochemical cycles
recycling of chemicals - carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur
classification of bacteria according to
morphological appearances
morphological appearances of bacteria
cocci (round) bacilli (rods) spirilla (spiral) diplococci (duplexes) staphylococci (clusters) streptococci (chains)
bacteria are ubiquitous and possess a wide variety of
biochemical pathways
cocci
round
bacilli
rods
spirilla
spiral
diplococci
duplexes
staphylococci
clusters
streptococci
chains
most protists are
unicellular
in addition to unicellular organisms, protists may be
colonial forms
simple multicellular
protists are neither
plants nor animals
protists (euk or pro)
eukaryotes
protists structure
membrane-bound nucleus
organelles
two major categories of protista
protozoa
algae
protozoa are ____ celled organisms
single
protozoa are heterotrophic or autotrophic
heterotrophic
phyla of protozoa
rhizopods
ciliophors
rhizopods example
amoebas
rhizopods move with
cellular extensions - pseudopods
pseudopods
cellular extensions that aid in movement (rhizopods - amoebas)
cliophors have
cilia
cilia used for
feeding
locomotion
algae or ____ organisms (primarily)
photosynthetic
example of algae
phytoplankton
phytoplankton are important sources of ____ for many marine animals
food
euglena
algal protist
photosynthesizes
heterotroph
moves with flagellum
blue, green and red algae can be multicellular and are sometimes placed in the ____ kingdom
animal
protists may resemble
fungi
slime molds are often placed in kingdom
fungi
despite slime molds placed in fungi, appear more directly related to
protists
slime molds arranged in
coenocytic mass of protoplasm
coenocytic
many nuclei
slime mold undergoes unique life cycle containing both
animal-like and plant-like stages
slime molds reproduce
asexually
slime molds reproduce asexually by
sporulation
slime molds include ____ bodies
fruiting
slime molds have ____ _____ spores
unicellular
flagellated
fungi - euk or pro? mutli or uni?
eukaryotes
multicellular
fungi - hetero or auto?
heterotrophs
fungi are different from plantae because they are
heterotrophs
fungi may be classified as ___ or ____
saprophytic;
parasitic
saprophytic
decompose dead organic material
fungi ____ their food from the ____
absorb;
environment
fungi reproduce by
asexual sporulation
or
intricate sexual processes
some varieties of fungus - Eumycophyta - may use _____ digestion
extracellular
types of fungus
mushrooms
yeast
lichens
Eumycophyta
fungus that uses extracellular digestion
general characteristics of kingdom animalia
- differentiation of tissues, organs, organ systems
- alimentation
- locomotion
- bilateral symmetry
- nervous system
- chemical coordinating system
examples of simple multicellular animals
sponges
coelenterates
flat-worms
simple multicellular animals have ____ differentiation
minimal
most cells of simple multicellular animals are
in direct contact with outside environment
in simple multicellular organisms, few systems are required to
support life processes
systems required to support life processes of simple multicellular organisms
digestive system
reproductive system
in more advanced animals, digestion, locomotion, circulation, message conduction (nervous system) and support are facilitated by
specialized tissues, organs, organ systems
alimentation and animals
all animals engage in alimentation
alimentation
ingestion, digestion, elimination
all animals employ some form of locomotion to acquire
nutrients
locomotion - sessile
sessile animals create currents to trap food
locomotion, in addition to acquiring nutrients, is important for
protection
male selection
reproduction
most animals have right and left sides which are _____
bilateral symmetry
mirror images
the head is _____ to the body
anterior
animals can exhibit ____ or ____ symmetry
bilateral
radial
animals with radial symmetry
echinoderms
cnidarians
nervous system
enables animal to receive stimuli and control actions
nervous system includes
sense organs
specialized conductors
higher brain centers
higher brain centers offer
coordination and learning
animals secrete chemicals (hormones) - operate in conjunction with
nervous system
hormones operate in conjunction with nervous system to maintain
homeostasis
porifera are (animal kingdom)
sponges
porifera (sponges): physical characteristics
two layers of cells
pores
sessile
low degree of cellular respiration
cnidarians aka
coelenterates
cnidarians and digestion
digestive sac - sealed at one end (gastrovascular cavity)
cnidarians physical characteristics (cells)
two layers of cells - ectoderm, endoderm
cnidarians specialized features
tentacles
stinging cells
net nerves
examples of cnidarians
hydra
jellyfish
sea anemone
coral
platyhelminthes aka
flatworms
physical characteristics platyhelminthes (flatowrms)
ribbon-like
three layers of cells - mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm
platyhelminthes (flatworms) do not have a ____ system
circulatory
nervous system of platyhelminthes consists of
eyes
anterior brain ganglion
pair of longitudinal nerve cords
nematoda (round worms) digestive system
long digestive tubules
anus
nematoda layers of cells
solid mesoderm
nematoda have no ____ system (like platyhelminthes)
circulatory
nervous system nematoda
nerve cords
anterior nerve ring
examples of nematoda
hookworm
trichina
free-living soil nematodes
annelida aka
segmented worms
nematoda
round worms
platyhelminthes
flat worms
annelida possess a _____ (true body cavity)
coelem
coelem
true body cavity
the coelem of the annelida is contained in the
mesoderm
annelids have _____ systems
well-defined
organ systems of annelids include
nervous
circulatory
excretory
examples of annelids
leeches
earthworms
mollusca are ____ bodied
soft
mollusca possess _____ which house all the bodies internal organs
mantle
mantle (mollusca)
highly muscled structure that houses all of the animal’s organs
the mantle may secrete
calcium carbonate exoskeletons
exoskeleton may be made of
calcium carbonate
calcium carbonate aka
calcareous
mollusca breathe by
gills
mollusca contain
chambered hearts
blood sinuses
pair of ventral nerve cords
examples of mollusca
clams
snails
squid
arthropods have ____ appendages
jointed
arthropods have _____ exoskeletons
chitinous
arthropods have open _____ systems
circulatory - sinuses
classes of arthropods (3)
insects
arachnids
crustaceans
insects possess _____ legs
three pairs
insects possess ____ and ____ for breathing
spiracles
tracheal tubes
spiracles and tracheal tubes are for breathing _____ aquatic environment
outside
arachnids have ____ legs
4 pairs
arachnids use ____ for respiration
book lungs
book lungs
respiration organ used for atmospheric gas exchange
crustaceans have a _____ body
segmented
the segmented body of crustaceans has a ____ number of appendages
variable
crustaceans also possess ____ for gas exchange
gills
examples of arachnids
spiders
scorpion
examples of crustaceans
crabs
lobster
crayfish
shrimp
echinoderms are (soft or spiny?)
spiny
echinoderms are ____ symmetrical
radially
echinoderms have this kind of vascular system
water-vascular
echinoderms have a unique capacity to ____ parts
regenerate
there is an evolutionary link between echinoderms and
chordates
chordates characterized by
stiff dorsal rod - notochord
the notochord is a
stiff dorsal rod
the notochord is present during
some stage of embryological development
at some point during development, in addition to the notochord, chordates have
paired gill slits
tail extending beyond anus
chordates that are not vertebrates
lancelets
tunicates
amphioxus
chordates that are not vertebrates have a notochord but no
backbone
the most advanced subphylum of chordates
vertebrates
vertebrates include
amphibians reptiles birds fish mammals
in addition to the characteristics common to all chordates (notochord, developmental gill slits, tail), vertebrates possess
vertebrae
vertebrae
bones which form the backbone
bony vertebrate replace the notochord of the embryo, which serves to
protect the nerve chord
in vertebrates, a bony case also protects the
brain
skull
bony case which protects the brain;
vertebrates
classes of vertebrates
fish amphibia reptiles birds mammals
all fish possess
two-chambered heart
gills
all fish utilize _____ fertilization for reproduction
external
types of fish (3)
jawless fish
cartilaginous fish
bony fish
jawless fish are ____ like
eel
jawless fish retain the _____ throughout life
notochord
jawless fish have a ______ internal skeleton
cartilaginous
jawless fish have no
jaws
jawless fish have a ____ mouth
sucking
cartilaginous fish possess ____ and ____ in the mouth
jaws;
teeth
in cartilaginous fish, a notochord exists though it is
reduced
the reduced notochord of cartilaginous fish exists as _____ between ____
segments;
cartilaginous vertebrae
example of cartilaginous fish
shark
examples of jawless fish
lamprey;
hagfish
bony fish are the _____ type of fish
most prevalent
bony fish have ____ (visible on the exterior)
scales
bony fish ____ notochord in adult life
lack
during development of bony fish, cartilage is
replaced by bony skeleton
examples of bony fish
surgeon
trout
tuna
amphibia larval stage
tadpole
amphibia larval stage is found in
water
the tadpole possess (physical attributes)
gills
tail
no legs
adult amphibian lives on
land
adult amphibian (physical attributes)
two pairs of legs
no tail
three-chambered heart
no scales
adult amphibian utilizes _____ fertilization
external
adult amphibians lay eggs in ____ with a ____
water;
jelly-like secretion
examples of amphibians
frog
salamander
toad
newt
adult amphibian has a ____ heart
three-chambered
a tadpole has ____ but no ____; an adult amphibian has ____ but no ____
tail, legs;
legs, tail
reptiles live on
land
reptiles breathe air by means of
lungs
reptiles eggs are
leathery
reptiles utilize _____ fertilization
internal
reptiles are (cold or warm blooded?)
poikilothermic (cold-blooded)
reptiles have scales and, like adult amphibians, a ____ heart
three-chambered
examples of reptiles
turtle
lizard
snake
crocodile
birds have a ____ heart
4-chambered
birds are (warm or cold?)
homeothermic (warm-blooded)
birds reproduce ____ via ____
externally;
eggs
birds eggs are surrounded by
shells
examples of birds
hen
eagle
mammals are homeothermic and feed their offspring with
milk produced by mammary glands
mammal milk is produced by
mammary glands
types of mammals (3)
monetremes
marsupials
placental
monetremes reproduction
lay leathery eggs
monetremes physical attributes
horny bills
monetremes and mammary glands
mammary glands with numerous openings but no nipples
examples of monetremes
duckbill platypus
spiny anteater
marsupials defining characteristics
pouches
marsupial embryos begin development in the ____ and complete development in the ____
uterus;
pouch
in the pouch, during the latter part of development, marsupials are
attached to nipples
examples of marsupials
kangaroo
opossum
placental mammals have embryos that develop
fully in uterus
the ____ attaches the embryo to the ______
placenta;
uterine wall
the placenta provides for the exchange of
food, oxygen, waste material
examples of placental mammals
bad
whale
mouse
man
