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Biology > Chapter 4 - Vertebrate Embryology > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Vertebrate Embryology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Embryology

A

study of development of a unicellular zygote into complete multicellular organism

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2
Q

in course of nine months, a unicellular human zygote undergoes ___ in preparation for life outside uterus

(human embryology)

A

cell division

cellular differentiation

morphogenesis

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3
Q

mammalian development studied in

A

sea urchins

frogs

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4
Q

Early Developmental Stages

(5)

A

Fertilization

Cleavage

Gastrulation

Development

Birth and Maturation

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5
Q
  1. Fertilization

(developmental stages)

can begin within ___

A

12-24 hours following ovulation

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6
Q

fertilization occurs in the

A

lateral, widest portion of oviduct

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7
Q

fertilization occurs when

A

sperm traveling from vagina encounter an egg

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8
Q

If more than one egg is fertilized ____

A

fraternal twins may be conceived

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9
Q
  1. Cleavage
A

series of rapid mitotic divisions

characterize early embryonic development

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10
Q

cleavage divisions lead to increase in ___

A

cell number w/o corresponding growth in protoplasm

total volume of cytoplasm constant

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11
Q

cleavage results in

A

progressively smaller cells

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12
Q

progressively smaller cells resulting from cleavage cause increase in

A

nuclear: cytoplasm ratio
surface: volume ratio of each cell

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13
Q

cleavage increase of surface to volume ratio improves

A

gas and nutrient exchange

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14
Q

indeterminate cleavage

A

cells maintain ability to develop into complete organism

if cells from first division separate, each cell can develop into own organism

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15
Q

identical twins are result of

A

indeterminate cleavage

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16
Q

determinate cleavage

A

cells whose future differentiation pathways determined early in dev

cells must be together for survival - cannot develop into own organism

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17
Q

differentiation

A

specialization of cells that occurs during dev

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18
Q

first complete cleavage of zygote occurs

A

~32 hours after fertilization

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19
Q

second cleavage occurs after

A

60 hours

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20
Q

third cleavage @

A

72 hours

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21
Q

significance of third cleavage

A

8-celled embryo reaches uterus

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22
Q

morula

A

solid ball of embryonic cells

(as cell dev continues)

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23
Q

blastulation

A

transition of morula –> blastula

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24
Q

blastulation begins when

A

morula develops fluid-filled cavity - blastocoel

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25
Q

blastocoel

A

fluid filled cavity formed in morula during blastulation

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26
Q

blastocyst

A

mammalian form of blastula

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27
Q

blastula

time

structure

A

formed on the 4th day of blastulation

perimeter: blastoderm
interior: blastocoel

28
Q

gastrulation begins when

A

blastula implanted in uterus

29
Q

gastrulation

A

cell migrations transform single cell layer of blastoderms in blastula into three-layered structure: gastrula

30
Q

gastrula

structure and function

A

three primary germ layers

differential development of:

tissues

organs

systems of body

31
Q

three primary germ layers of gastrula

A

ectoderm

endoderm

mesoderm

32
Q

ectoderm

(1 of 3 primary germ layers of gastrula)

A

integument

lens of eye

retina

nervous system

33
Q

integument

A

epidermis

hair

nails

epithelium of nose, mouth, anal canal

34
Q

endoderm

A

epithelial linings of digestive and respiratory tracts

parts of liver, pancreas, thyroid, bladder lining

35
Q

mesoderm

A

musculoskeletal

circulatory

excretory

gonads

connective tissue

portions of digestive and respiratory

36
Q

Development

3 types

A

external

non-placental internal

placental internal

37
Q

external development

A

early dev of may occur outside mother’s body

e.g. land, water

38
Q

external development

fish and amphibians

A

lay eggs

fertilized externally in water

embryo develops within egg, feeding on nutrients stored in yolk

39
Q

external development

reptiles, birds, some mammals (duck-billed platypus)

A

develops externally on land

fertilization internal, then egg layed

eggs protect embryo

40
Q

eggs

embryonic membranes

A

chorion

allantois

amnion

yolk sac

41
Q

chorion

A

lines inside of shell

moist membrane

permits gas exchange

42
Q

allantois

A

sac-like structure

respiration, excretion

blood vessels transport:

O2, CO2, H2O, salt, nitrogenous waste

43
Q

amnion

A

encloses amniotic fluid

44
Q

amniotic fluid (amnion)

A

aqueous env.

protects developing embryo from shock

45
Q

yolk sac

A

encloses yolk

blood vessels transfer food to dev. embryo

46
Q

non placental internal development

A

early dev within body protects young

marsupials, some tropical fish

exchange of food and oxygen bw young & mother limited

may be born very young

47
Q

placental internal development

two main components

A

placenta

umbilical cord

48
Q

placental internal develompent

specialized circulatory system

A

mother —> fetus

supplies oxygen

removes CO2, metabolic waste

49
Q

placenta and umbilical cord develop within

A

first few weeks following fertilization

50
Q

placenta and umbilical cord outgrowths of 4 extraembryonic membranes

A

amnion

chorion

allantois

yolk ac

51
Q

amnion

(pid)

A

thin, tough membrane

contain watery fluid - amniotic fluid

52
Q

amniotic fluid (pid)

A

shock absorber of external and localized pressure from uterine contractions during labor

53
Q

chrion (pid)

A

membrane

surrounds amnion

leads to placenta formation

54
Q

allantois (pid)

A

third membrane

develops as outpocketing of gut

blood vessels of allantoic wall enlarge —> umbilical cord

55
Q

umbilical vessels (pid)

A

connect fetus to placenta

56
Q

yolk sac (pid)

A

early dev of blood vessels —> umbilical vessels

57
Q

Birth and Maturation

A

labor

childbirth

differentiation of cells until adulthood

58
Q

labor

A

series of strong uterine contractions

3 distinct stages

59
Q

1 stage labor

A

cervix thins out, dilates

amniotic sac ruptures, releasing fluids

mild contractions

60
Q

2 stage labor

A

rapid contractions

birth of baby

cutting umbilical cord

61
Q

3 stage labor

A

uterus contracts

expells placenta, umbilical cord

62
Q

maturation

embryo –> adult

A

cell division

growth

differentiation

63
Q

maturation forms

A

suspended in temporary state

e.g. arthropods - pupal stage

uninterrupted

e.g. mammals

64
Q

differentiation of cells complete when

A

all organs reach adult form

65
Q
A

Biology (19 decks)

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