Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Chapter 2 - Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Reproduction

(definition)

A

organisms perpetuates itself and its species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cell division

(definition)

A
  • cell doubles its organelles and cytoplasm
  • replicates DNA
  • divides into two
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

unicellular organisms

(cell division)

A

means of reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

mutlicellular organism

(cell division)

A
  • method of growth
  • development
  • replacement of worn-out cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mitosis

(definition)

A
  • division and distribution of DNA to two daughter cells
  • each cell receives complete copy of original genome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mitosis

(General steps)

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Nuclear division
  3. Cell division
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Karyokinesis

A

nuclear division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cytokinesis

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Steps of Mitosis

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
  6. Cytokinesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Interphase

A
  • 90% of cell’s life
  • each chromosome replicated
  • after replication - chromosome = two daughter chromatids
  • individual chromosomes NOT visible
  • DNA uncoiled (chromatin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

each chromosome replicated during interphase so that..

A

a complete copy of genome can be distributed to both daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

centromere

A

central region where sister chromatids held together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

chromatin

A

uncoiled DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Prophase

A
  • Chromosomes condense
  • (animals) centriole pairs separate and move towards opposite poles of cell
  • spindle apparatus forms between
  • nuclear membrane dissolves
  • spindle fibers interact with chromosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

metaphase

A

centriole pairs at opposite poles of cell

fibers of spindle apparatus attach to each chromatid at centomere to align chromosomes at center of cell (equator)

forms metaphase plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

anaphase

A

centromeres split

each chromatid has own distinct centromere

sister chromatids separate

shortneing of spindle fibers pulls sister chromatids towards opposite poles of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

microtubules

A

makeup spindle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

telophase

A
  • spindle apparatus disappears
  • nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes
  • each nucleus contains 2N
  • chromosomes uncoil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cytokinesis

A

end of telophase

cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells

(animal cells) cleavage furrow forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cleavage furrow

A
  • cell membrane indents along equator of cell
  • pinches through cell
  • separates two nuclei
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Prophase

(synopsis)

A

chromosomes condense

spindles form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Metaphase

(synopses)

A

chromosomes align

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Anaphase

(synopsis)

A

sister chromatids separate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

telophase

(synopsis)

A

new nuclear membrane forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

chromatid composed of..

A

double-stranded molecule of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

sister chromatids

A

identical copies of each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

chromosome

A

single chromatid

or

pair of chromatids attached at centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Mitosis in Plant Cells

(2 major differences bw plant and animal)

A

plants lack centrioles

spindle apparatus synthesized by microtubule organizing centers (invisible)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why no cleavage furrow in plant cells?

(cytokinesis)

A

plant cells are rigid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how do plant cells divide?

(cytokinesis)

A

formation of a cell plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

cell plate

(cytokinesis in plant cells)

A

expanding partition

grows outward from interior of cell until reaches cell membrane

way in which plant cells divide (cytokinesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Meiosis

A

process by which sex cells are formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

sexual reproduction

(meiosis)

A

fusion of two gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

gametes

(meiosis)

A

specialized sex cells produced by each parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

similarities bw meiosis and mitosis

A

cell duplicates its chromosomes before undergoing process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

differences between mitosis and meiosis

A

mitosis preserves diploid (2N)

meiosis produces haploid (1N)

meiosis halves number of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

meiosis involves ___ divisions of primary sex cells

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Mieosis results in ___ haploid cells

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Phases of Meiosis

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase 1
  3. Metaphase 1
  4. Anaphase 1
  5. Telophase 1
  6. metaphase 2
  7. anaphase 2
  8. telophase 2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Interphase

(meiosis)

A

parent cell’s chromosomes replicated

result in 2N number of sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

First Meiotic Division produces

(Meiosis)

A

two intermediate daughter cells with N chromosomes with sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Prophase 1

(meiosis)

A
  • chromatin —> chromosomes
  • spindle apparatus appears
  • necleoli, nuclear membrane disappear
  • homologous chromosomes intertwine
  • recombination, crossing over occurs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Homologous chromosomes

(prophase 1 - meiosis)

A

chromosomes that code for same traits

one inhereted from each parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

synapsis

A

homologous chromosomes come together and intertwine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

tetrad

(prophase 1 - meiosis)

A

synaptic pair of homologous chromosomes containing 4 chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

crossing over

(prophase 1 - meiosis)

A

chromatids of homologous chromsomes break at corresponding points and exchange DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

crossing over occurs between…

A

homologous chromosomes

NOT sister chromatids of same chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

recombination results in…

A

genetic diversity within a species

sister chromatids no longer identical after recombination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

anaphase 1

(meiosis)

A

homologous pairs pulled to opposite poles

(disjunction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Disjunction

(Anaphase 1 - Meiosis)

A

each chromosome (paternal) separates from homologue (maternal)

either chromosome ends up in either daughter cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

each daughter cell has…

(as a result of meiosis 1)

A

unique pool of genes from random mixture of maternal and paternal origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

telophase 1

(meiosis)

A

nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus

each chromosome consists of sister chromatids joined at centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

2nd Meiotic Division

(meiosis)

A

similiar to mitosis

not preceded by chromosomal replication

  1. metaphase ii
  2. anaphase ii
  3. telophase ii
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

metaphase 2

(meiosis)

A

chromosomes align at equator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

anaphase 2

(meiosis)

A

chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

telophase 2

(meiosis)

A

chromosomes are surrounded by reformed nuclear membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

final product of meiosis

A

4 haploid (1N) games

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

human females

product of meiosis

A

4 haploid gametes

only one daughter cell becomes functional gamete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Mitosis Summary

A

2N –> 2N

in all dividing cells

homologous chromosomes don’t pair up

no crossing over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Meiosis Summary

A

2N —-> N

only in sex cells

homologous chromosomes pair up at metaphase plate

form tetrads

crossing over occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Sexual Reproductive Mechanisms

A

Sexual Reproduction in Animals

Sexual Reproduction in Humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

sexual reproduction differs from asexual in that there are…

A

two parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

end result of sexual reproduction

A

genetically unique offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

sexual reproduction occurs via

A

fusion of two gametes

65
Q

gametes

A

specialized sex cells produced by each parent (result of meiosis)

66
Q

Sexual Reproduction Requires

A
  • production of functional sex cells or gametes by adult organisms
  • union of these cells to form zygote (fertilization or conjugation)
  • development of zygote into another adult
67
Q

Sexual Reproduction in Animals

A

formation and fertilization of gametes

regulation of processes by both parents

68
Q

Gonads

(sexual reproduction in animals)

male and female

A

organs

produces gametes

male - testes

female - ovaries

69
Q

testes

A

male gonads

produce sperm in tightly coiled seminiferous tubules

70
Q

ovaries

A

female gonads

produce oocytes (eggs)

71
Q

oocytes

A

eggs produced by ovaries (female gonads)

72
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

species with both female and male gonads

e.g. hydra, earthworm

73
Q

spermatogenisis

(sexual reproduction in animals)

A

sperm production

occurs in seminiferous tubules

74
Q

spermatogonia

A

diploid cells

undergo meiosis

produce 4 haploid sperm (equal in size)

75
Q

mature sperm

(form)

A

elongated cell

head, tail, neck, body

76
Q

head of sperm

A

consists of nucleus

contains paternal genome

77
Q

flagellum

A

tail of sperm

propels sperm

78
Q

neck and body of sperm

A

contain mitochondria

provide energy for locomotion

79
Q

Oogenesis

(sexual reproduction in animals)

A

production of female gametes

occurs in ovaries

80
Q

process of oogenesis

A

one diploid primary female sex cell —> meiosis in ovaries —> single mature egg

81
Q

each meiotic division of oogenesis produces

A

polar body

82
Q

polar body

A

small cell

contains nucleus

rapidly degenerate

83
Q

mature ovum is/contains

(oogenesis)

A

large cell

  • cytopolasm
  • RNA
  • organelles
  • nutrients needed by developing embryo
84
Q

Fertilization

definition

types

(sexual reproduction in animals)

A

union of egg and sperm nuclei

forms zygote (diploid)

  • external fertilization
  • internal fertilization
85
Q

External Fertilization

who and process

(Fertilization)

(sexual reproduction in animals)

A

vertebrates that reproduce in water

(fish and amphibians)

female lays eggs in water

male deposits sperm in vicinity

many eggs must be layed

86
Q

con of external fertilization

A

indirect

reduces changes of fertilization

female must lay many eggs

87
Q

sperm characteristics

(external fertilization)

A

flagella - to swim through water to eggs

88
Q

Internal Fertilization

who

A

terrestrial vertebrates

89
Q

internal fertilization

pros

A

direct route

increase chance of success

female produces fewer eggs

90
Q

factors affecting number of eggs produced by female

(3 factors)

A
  1. internal vs. external fertilization
  2. early development outside/inside mother’s body
  3. amount of prenatal care after birth
91
Q

Human Reproduction

(4 components)

A
  1. Male Reproductive Physiology
  2. Female Reproductive Physiology
  3. Female Sex Hormones
  4. The Menstrual Cycle
92
Q

Male Reproductive Physiology

Sperm pass from:

(SEVEn UP)

A

seminiferous tubules –> testes –> vas deferens –> ejaculatory duct –> urethra –> penis

93
Q

http://www.maleinfertilitycure.com/image/intro_to_male_infertility.jpg

male reproductive anatomy

94
Q

testes located in

A

scrotum - external pouch

95
Q

scrotum

A

maintains testes temp 2-4C lower than body temp

(essential for sperm survival)

96
Q

urethra

A

passes through penis

opens to outside at tip

serves for reproductive and excretory systems

97
Q

testes re hormones

A

production of testosterone

98
Q

testosterone

A

regulates male sex characteristics

(facial and pubic hair, voice changes, etc)

99
Q

Female Reproductive Anatomy

A

ovaries –> releases immature ovum –> abdominal cavity —> oviduct —> fallopian tube –> uterus –> cervix –> vaginal canal –> open world

100
Q

ovaries (location)

A

in abdominal cavity

below digestive system

101
Q

ovaries consist of:

A

thousands of follicles

102
Q

once a month, the ovary

A

releases an immature ovum into the abdominal cavity

103
Q

follicle

(form and function)

A

multilayered sac of cells

contains, nourishes, protects immature ovum

104
Q

follicle cells produce

105
Q

uterus

A

muscular chamber

site of fetal development

106
Q

cervix

A

lower, narrow end of uterus

connects with vaginal canal

107
Q

vaginal canal

A

site of sperm deposition during intercourse

passageway through which baby expelled

108
Q

at birth

(re: eggs)

A

all eggs that female will ovulate are present

(no production throughout lifetime)

109
Q

Female Sex Hormones

synthesized and secreted by

110
Q

female sex hormones are

A

estrogens

progesterone

111
Q

secretion of estrogen and prostegerone regulated by:

112
Q

LH

FSH

regulated by

113
Q

Estrogens

(Female Sex Hormones)

are and cause (5)

A
  • steroid hormones
  • cause:
  1. female menstruation
  2. dev reproductive tract
  3. dev secondary sexual characteristics
  4. sex drive
  5. thickening of endometrium (uterine wall)
114
Q

estrogens are secreted by

A
  1. ovarian follicles
  2. corpus luteum
115
Q

progesterone

(female sex hormones)

are and cause (1)

A

steroid hormone

dev maintenance of endometrial walls —> prep for implantation

116
Q

progesterone secreted by

A

corpus luteum

117
Q

progesterone secreted during

A

luteal phase

(menstraul cycle)

118
Q

Menstrual Cycle

hormones secreted by

A
  1. ovaries
  2. hypothalamus
  3. anterior pituitary
119
Q

menstrual cycle duration

A

puberty –> menopause

monthly cyclical

120
Q

Menstrual Cycle Phases

A
  1. Follicular
  2. Ovulation
  3. Luteal
  4. Menstruation
121
Q

Follicular Phase

(menstrual cycle)

A
  1. cessation of menstrual flow
  2. FSH promotes dev of follicle
  3. follicle grows, secretes estrogen
122
Q

FSH released by

(follicular phase)

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

anterior pituitary

123
Q

Ovulation

(menstrual cycle)

A
  1. peak in estrogen levels —> surge in LH
  2. triggered by LH surge at midcycle
  3. mature ovarian follicle bursts
  4. releases ovum
124
Q

Luteal Phase

(menstrual cycle)

A
  1. LH induces ruptured follicle —> corpus luteum
  2. CL secretes estrogen, progesterone
  3. Progesterone –> glands of endometrium to mature
  4. glands of endometrium –> secretions to prep for implantation of embryo
  5. LH, FSH inhibited
125
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing Hormone

126
Q

corpus luteum secretes

A

estrogen, progesterone

during luteal phase

127
Q

progesterone and estrogen essential during luteal phase for

A

maintenance of endometrium

128
Q

Menstruation

if ovum not fertilized

(menstrual cycle)

A
  1. corpus luteum atrophies
  2. drop in progesterone and estrogen
  3. endometrium + superficial blood vessels slough off
  4. menses
  5. LH + FSH begin to rise again
129
Q

menses

A

menstrual flow

130
Q

Menstruation

(menstrual cycle)

if fertilization occurs

A
  1. developing placenta produces hCG
  2. hCG maintains corpus luteum
  3. estrogen, progesterone maintained
  4. uterus maintained
  5. until placenta takes over production of e + p
131
Q

hCG

A

human chorionic gonadotrophin

132
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

reproduction w/o fertilization

133
Q

new organisms formed by

(asexual reproduction)

A

division of single parent cell

carbon copies of parent cells

134
Q

offspring are not identical to parent cells in asexual reproduction when

A

random mutations

135
Q

Types of asexual reproduction

A
  • fission
  • budding
  • regeneration
  • parthenogenesis
136
Q

Prokaryotes reproduce

137
Q

in animals, asexual rep more common in

A

invertebrates

138
Q

all plants use

(reproduction)

A

asexual reproduction

139
Q

Binary Fission

process

(asexual reproduction)

A
  • DNA replicates
  • plasma membrane and cell wall grow inward along midline of cell
  • divide into 2 = parts
  • contain cytoplasm + duplicate of parent cell
140
Q

binary fission occurs in

A

prokaryotes

some primitive eukaryotes

one-celled oganisms

e.g. amoebae, paramecia, algae, bacteria

141
Q

Budding

produces

(asexual reproduction)

A

replication of nucleus

unequal cytokinesis

142
Q

Budding process

A
  1. cell membrane pinches inward
  2. new cell forms
  3. new cell smaller, genetically identical to parent cell
  4. new cell grows to adult size
143
Q

Budding

(two options for growth of new cell)

A
  1. separate immediately
  2. remain attached, develop as outgrowth, separate later
144
Q

Budding occurs in

A

hydra

yeast

145
Q

Regeneration

(definition)

(asexual reproduction)

A

regrowth or lost/injured body part

146
Q

regeneration

process

147
Q

extent of regeneration

A

some lower animals –> extensive capabilities

e.g. starfish -

may regenerate body from arm

arm must include **central disk **

e.g. salamanders/tadpokes

regenerate new limbs - extend depends on nerve damage to severed body part

148
Q

central disk

(starfish)

A

body control center

center of body, from which radiate arms

149
Q

Parthenogenesis

definition

(asexual reproduction)

A

dev. of unfertilized egg into adult organism

150
Q

parthenogenesis occurs naturaly in

A

some lower organisms

151
Q

e.g. of parthenogenesis

most species of bees and ants

A

male bees via parthenogenesis

worker and queen bees via fertilized eggs

152
Q

artificial parthenogenesis

A

eggs of rabit + frogs

stimulated by electric shock or pin-prick

153
Q

Sexual Reproduction in Plants

A

alternation of generations

2N sporophyte gen

N gametophyte gen

154
Q

length of gen in plant sexual rep

A

relative lengths of two stages vary with plant type

evo trend –> increased dominance of sporophyte gen

155
Q

Cycle of plant sexual rep

A

Sporophyte 2N –> Spore 1N –> Gametophyte 1N –> fertilization 1N + 1N gametes –> Sporophyte 2N

156
Q

Gametophyte Generation

(Plant sexual rep)

A

haploid gametophyte gen produces gametes via mitosis

157
Q

fertilization

(gametophyte generation - plant sexual rep)

A

male and female gametes at fertilization restores diploid sporophyte generation

158
Q

gametophyte gen vs. sporophyte gen

A

gametophytes rep sexually

sporophytes rep asexually

Biology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions