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Biology > Chapter 5 - Vascular Systems in Animals > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Vascular Systems in Animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Circulation in Invertebrates

Protozoans

A

movement of gases and nutrients via simple diffusion within cell

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2
Q

circulation in invertebrates

cindarians

A

hydra etc.

body walls - 2 cells thick

all cells in direct contact with internal or external env.

no specialized circulatory system

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3
Q

circulation in invertebrates

arthropods

A

open circulatory system

blood (interstitial fluid) in direct contact with body tissues

circulated by body movements

flows through dorsal vessel, into sinuses

sinuses - exchange of gasses occurs

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4
Q

circulation in invertebrates

annelids

A

closed circulatory system

to deliver materials to cells not in direct contact with external enivronment

blood confined to blood vessels

dorsal vessel - carries blood to head, coordinated contractions (heart)

aortic loops - five pairs of vessels, fxn as additional pumps, connect dorsal vessel to ventral vessel

no red blood cells

hemoglobin-like pigment dissolved in aq. soltuion

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5
Q

circulation in humans

3 components

A

musuclar four-chambered heart

network of blood vessels

blood

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6
Q

circulation in humans

process

A

oxygenated blood pumped from left ventricle to aorta

aorta –> arteries –> capillaries

exchange of gas, nutrients, cellular waste occurs via diffusion across capillary walls

capillaries –> venules —> veins

veins lead deoxygenated blood to heart

veins –> inferior, superior vena cava –> heart

right atrium –> right ventricule –> pulmonary arteries –> lungs

picks up oxygen at lungs

pulmonary vein –> left atrium –> left ventricle

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7
Q

heart

function

A

driving force of circulatory system

RIGHT: pumps deoxygenated blood to pulmonary arteries to lungs

LEFT: pumps oxygenated blood to superior/inferior vena cava to systemic circulation

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8
Q

heart

structure

A

atria (atrium, singular):

two upper chambers

thin walled

ventricles:

two lower chambers

extermely muscular

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9
Q

blood vessels

types

A

arteries

veins

capillaries

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10
Q

arteries

A

thick-walled, musuclar, elastic

transport oxygenated blood from heart to systemic circulation

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11
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

thick-walled, muscular, elastic

trasnported deoxygenated blood from heart to pulmonary system

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12
Q

veins

A

thinly-walled, inelastic

carry deox blood to heart

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13
Q

pulmonary veins

A

thin walled, inelastic

carry oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

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14
Q

much of blood flow in veins depends on

A

compression by skeletal muscles during movement

rather than pumping of heart

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15
Q

venous circulation at odds with gravity, thus

A

larger veins, esp. in legs, have valves that prevent backflow

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16
Q

capillaries

structure

A

very thin walls

single layer endothelial cells

smallest diamter of all three vessels

red blood cells travel single file

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17
Q

capillaries

function

A

across which, readily diffuse:

respiratory gases

nutrients

eznymes

hormones

wastes

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18
Q

lymph vessels

definition

A

secondary circulatory system

distinct from cardiovascular circulation

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19
Q

lymph vessels

function

A

transport excess interstitial fluid (lymph) to cardiovascular system

keep fluid levels constant

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20
Q

lymph nodes

A

swellings along lymph vessels containing phagocytic cells (leukocytes)

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21
Q

phagocytic cells (leukocytes)

A

filter lymph

remove and destroy foreign particles, pathogens

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22
Q

blood

components

A

plasma

cellular components

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23
Q

blood as a component of the body

A

avg human - 4-6 L blood

55% liquid, 45% cellular components

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24
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of blood

aq. mixture of:

nutrients

salts

respiratory gases

wastes

hormones

blood proteins

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25
Q

e.g. blood proteins

A

immunoglobins

albumin

fibrinogen

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26
Q

cellular components of blood

A

erythrocytes

leukocytes

platelets

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27
Q

erythrocytes

fxn and shape

(red blood cells)

A

oxygen carrying

250 million mlc hemoglobin

biconcave, disk-like shape

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28
Q

hemoglobin

A

can bind up to 4 oxygen molecules

primary form of oxygen transport

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29
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

hemoglobin bound to oxygen

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30
Q

distinct shape of red blood cells allows

A

increased surface area for gas exchange

greater flex. for movement through tiny capillaries

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31
Q

erythrocytes formed from

A

stem cells in bone marrow

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32
Q

upon maturation, erythrocytes lose ___ in the bone marrow

A

nuclei, mitochnodria, membranous organelles

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33
Q

once mature, RBCs circulate blood for ___, after which:

A

120 days

phagocytized by special cells in spleen, liver

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34
Q

leokocytes

white blood cells

form

A

larger than RBCs

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35
Q

leukocytes

white blodo cells

fxn

A

protective

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36
Q

leukocytes

white blood cells

types

A

phagocytes

macrophages

lymphocytes

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37
Q

phagocytes

(white blood cells)

A

phagocytize foreign matter and organisms such as bacteria

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38
Q

macrophages

A

white blood cells migrate from blood to tissue

mature into stationary cells - macrophages

39
Q

lymphocytes

(white blood cells)

A

immune response

production of antibodies (B cells)

cytolysis of infected cells (T cells)

40
Q

platelets

A

cell fragments

lack nuclei

involved in clot formation

41
Q

Functions of Circulatory System

A

blood

transfers oxygen to tissue

waste and CO2 from tissue

platelets

injury repair

leukocytes

main component of immune system

42
Q

transport of gases

(function of circulatory system)

A

hemoglobin molecules in erythrocytes bind to oxygen

transport O2 throughout system

hemoglobin also binds to CO2

43
Q

transport of nutrient

(function of circulatory system)

A

amino acids, simple sugars absorbed into bloodstream at intestinal capillaries

after processing, transported throughout body

44
Q

transport of waste

A

metabolic waste products (water, urea, CO2) diffuse into capillaries from surrounding cells

waste delivered to excretory organs

45
Q

clotting

reason

(function of circulatory system)

A

clots prevent extensive blood loss while damaged vessel heals itself

46
Q

clotting

process

A

platelets come into contact with exposed collagen of damaged vessel

platelets —> release chemical –> platelet plug + damaged tissue —> thromboplastin + cofactors: calcium, vit. k —> converts prothrombin —> thrombin —> converts fibrinogen —> fibrin

47
Q

platelet plug

A

platelets adhere to one another

caused by chemical relased by platelets in contact with exposed collage of damaged vessel

48
Q

thromboplastin

A

clotting factor released by platelet plug and damaged tissue

49
Q

prothrombin

A

plasma protein

inactive form of thrombin

50
Q

inactive plasma protein prothrombin converted to active form thrombin by …

A

clotting factor thromboplastin + cofactors: calcium, vitamin K convert…

51
Q

fibrinogen

(plasma protein)

A

converted to fibrin by thrombin

52
Q

fibrin

A

threads of fibrin coat damaged area and trap blood cells to form clot

53
Q

serum

A

fluid left after blood clotting

54
Q

immunological reactions

A

body can distinguish between self and nonself

remembers nonself entities (antigens) previously encountered

55
Q

antigens

A

nonself entities

56
Q

immune system

two specific defense mechanisms

A

humoral immunity

cell-mediated immunity

57
Q

humoral immunity

(defense mechanism of immune system)

A

production of antibodies

58
Q

cell-mediated immunity

(defense mechanisms)

A

involves cells that combat fungal and viral infections

59
Q

lymphocytes

A

responsible for both humoral and cell-mediated immune mechanisms

60
Q

humoral immunity

(specific defense mechanism)

A

production of antibodies

very specific to antigen involved

responsible for proliferation of antibodies following exposure to antigens

61
Q

immunoglobins (Igs)

aka antibodies

definition

A

complex proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens

trigger immune system to remove them

62
Q

immunoglobin method of attack

(2)

A

attract other cells (leukocytes) to phagocytize antigen

or

cause antigens to clump together (agglutinate) and form large insoluble complexes - facilitates removal by phagocytic cells

63
Q

agglutinate

A

antibodies cause antigens to clump together and form large insoluble complexes

64
Q

active immunity

(humoral immunity)

A

produciton of antibodies during immune response

e.g. vaccination

may require weeks to build up

65
Q

vaccination

mechanism

A

injected with weak, inactive or related form of particular antigen

stimulates immune system to produce specific antibodies against it

66
Q

passive immunity

A

trxfer of antibodies produced by another individual or organism

acquired passively or via injection

e.g. pregnancy

acquired immediately

short-lived - only as long as antibodies circling system

not specific

67
Q

passive immunity during pregnancy

A

maternal antibodies cross placenta

enter fetal circulation

confers passive immunity to fetus

68
Q

gamma globulin

A

fraction of blood containting wide variety of antibodies

used to confer temporary protection against hepatitis, etc, via passive immunity

69
Q

nonspecific defense mechanisms

(immunological reactions)

A

body employs nonspecific defenses against foreign material

70
Q

types of nonspecific defense mechanisms

(5)

A

skin

passages

macrophages

inflammation

interferons

71
Q
  1. skin

(nonspecific defense mechanism)

A

physical barrier against bacterial invasion

pores on surface secrete sweat

72
Q

sweat

(nonspecific defense mechanism)

A

contains enzyme that attacks bacterial cell walls

73
Q
  1. passages

nonspecific defense mechanism

e.g. respiratory tract

A

lined with ciliated mucous-coated epithelia - filter and trap foreign particles

74
Q

mucous coated epithelia

A

line passages (e.g. respiratory tract)

filter and trap foreign particles

75
Q
  1. macrophages

nonspecifc defense mechanisms

A

engulf and destroy foreign particles

76
Q
  1. inflammatory response

nonspecific defense mechanisms

A

iniated by body in response to physical damage:

  1. injured cells release histamine
  2. granulocytes attracted to injury
77
Q

histamines

(inflammatory response - nonspecific defense mechanisms)

A

release of histamines cause blood vessels to dilate, thereby increasing blood flow to damaged region

78
Q

granulocytes

(inflammatory response - nonspecific defense mechanism)

A

attracted to injury site

phagocytize antigenic material

79
Q

inflammatory response often accompanied by ___

(nonspecific defense mechanism)

A

fever

80
Q
  1. interferons

(nonspecific defense mechanism)

A

proteins

produced by cells under viral attack

diffuse to other cells –> help prevent spread of virus

81
Q

allergic reaction

A

inappropriate response to certain foods and pollen

body forms antibodies and release histamine

82
Q

rejection of transplants

A

transplanted tissues or organs detected as foreign bodies by recipients immune system

immune response may cause organ to be rejected

83
Q

immuno-suppressing drugs

(transplant rejection)

A

lower immune response to transplants and decrease likelihood of rejection

84
Q

antigens

A

macromolecules foreign to host organism

trigger immune response

85
Q

erythrocytes antigens

(2 types)

A

characteristic cell-surface antigens

ABO group

Rh factor

86
Q

Type A

A

antigen: A

antibodies produced: anti-B

87
Q

type B

A

antigen: B

antibodied produced: anti-A

88
Q

AB

A

universal recipient

antigen: A & B

antibodies produced: none

89
Q

O

A

universal donor

antigen: none

antibodies produced: anti-A & anti-B

90
Q

if donor and recipient are not matched

(blood transfusions)

A

erythrocytes will be clumped (rejected) by antibodies in recipient’s plasma

91
Q

Rh factor

A

antigen on surface of red blood cell

Rh+ possesses Rh antigen

Rh- lacks Rh antigen

92
Q

pregnancy and Rh factor

A

Rh- woman can be sensitive to Rh+ fetus if fetal erythrocytes enter maternal circulation during birth

if woman subsequently carries another Rh+ fetus

anti-Rh antibodies produced during first birth may cross placenta and destroy fetal RBCs

result: severe anemia for fetus

93
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis

A

severe anemia for fetus caused by Rh+ sensitivity in mother

mother’s antibodies from first birth may cross placenta and destroy fetal RBCs

erythroblastosis fetalis NOT caused by ABO

anti-A, anti-B CANNOT cross placenta

Biology (19 decks)

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