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Biology > Chapter 15 - Evolution > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

evolution

A

change in genetic makeup of a population with time

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2
Q

evolution is explained by constant propagation of

A

new variations in genes of species

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3
Q

some new variations in genes of species impart an

A

adaptive advantage

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4
Q

evidence of evolution (6)

A 
fossil record
comparative anatomy
comparative embryology
comparative biochemistry (physiology)
vestigial structures
geographic barriers
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5
Q

fossils are ______ of evolutionary change

A

most distinct evidence

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6
Q

fossils represent the remains of

A

an extinct ancestor

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7
Q

fossils are generally found in

A

sedimentary rocks

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8
Q

types of fossils (5)

A 
actual remains
petrification
imprints
molds
casts
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9
Q

actual remains (fossils) like

A

teeth

bones

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10
Q

actual remains (teeth, bones) are found in

A

rock
tar pits
ice
amber

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11
Q

amber

A

fossil resin of trees

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12
Q

petrification is the process in which

A

minerals replace cells of an organisms

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13
Q

imprints (fossils)

A

impressions left by an organism

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14
Q

example of imprints

A

footprints

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15
Q

molds form in

A

hollow spaces of rocks

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16
Q

molds form in hollow spaces of rocks as the

A

organism within decays

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17
Q

casts are formed by

A

minerals deposited in molds

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18
Q

comparative anatomy includes

A

homologous structures

analogous structures

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19
Q

homologous structures

A

similar structure

same origin

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20
Q

homologous structure demonstrate similar evolutionary patterns with late _____ due to differences in _____

A

divergence;

exposure to evolutionary forces

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21
Q

examples of homologous structures

A

wings of a bat
flipper of a whale
forelegs of the horses
arms of man

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22
Q

analogous structures

A

similar structure

different origin

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23
Q

analogous structures have similar functions with different evolutionary origins and entirely different

A

patterns of development

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24
Q

example of analogous organs

A

wings of a fly (membranous)

wings of a bird (bony and covered with feathers)

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25
Q

example of different pattern of development in analogous structures - wings of a fly vs wings of a bird

A

wings of a fly are membranous

wings of a bird are bony and covered with feathers

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26
Q

embryology

A

stages of development

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27
Q

stages of development of the embryo resemble stages in an organisms
(comp. embryology)

A

evolutionary history

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28
Q

in humans, the two layer gastrula is similar to the structure of the
(comp. embryology)

A

hydra (cnidarian)

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29
Q

in humans, the three-layer gastrula is similar in structure to the
(comp. embryology)

A

flatworm

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30
Q

gill slits are present in the human embryo - this indicates a common ancestry with

A

fish

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31
Q

the similarity of stages in human embryonic development suggests

A

common ancestry and development history

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32
Q

the earlier the stage at which development beings to diverge, the more

A

dissimilar the adult organisms will be

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33
Q

it is very difficult to differentiate between the embryo of a human and that of a gorilla until

A

relatively late in the development of each embryo

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34
Q

embryological development suggests other evidence of evolution in other

A

organisms

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35
Q

avian embryo has teeth, suggesting

comp. embryology

A

reptile stage

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36
Q

larvae of some mollusks resemble

comp. embryology

A

annelids

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37
Q

human embryo posses a

comp. embryology

A

tail

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38
Q

most organisms demonstrate the same basic needs and _____ processes
(comp biochem)

A

metabolic

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39
Q

most organisms require the same (food)

comp biochem

A

nutrients

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40
Q

most organisms have the similar cellular _____

A

organelles

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41
Q

most organisms have similar energy storage forms

A

ATP

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42
Q

respiratory processes

comp biochem

A

are similar in most organisms

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43
Q

similarity of enzymes involved in respiratory processes suggests that all orgnaisms must contain some

A

DNA sequences in common

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44
Q

the closer the organisms in the evolutionary scheme, the greater the similarity of their ____ and _____
(comp biochem)

A

chemical constituents

genetic information

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45
Q

chemical constituents

A

enzymes
hormones
antibodies
blood

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46
Q

since the closer the organisms in the evolutionary scheme, the greater the similarity of their chemical constituents and genetic code, we can conclude that all organisms

A

were descended from a common, primitive ancestral form

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47
Q

chemical similarity of the blood of different organisms very closely parallels the

A

evolutionary pattern

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48
Q

chimps blood shows close similarity to that of a _____ but is very different from that of a ____ or ____

A

human;

rabbit, fish

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49
Q

more time that has elapsed since the divergence of two species, the more ____ their biochemical characteristics

A

different

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50
Q

vestigial structures are structures that appear to be _____ but apparently had some ______

A

useless;

ancestral function

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51
Q

vestigial organ in humans: appendix

A

small and useless

in herbivores - assists with digestion of cellulose

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52
Q

vestigial organ is humans: tail

A

reduced to few useless bones (coccyx) at the base of the spine

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53
Q

coccyx

A

human tail at base of spine: useless

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54
Q

vestigial organs in horses: splints

A

on legs of horses

remains of 2 side toes of Eohippus

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55
Q

vestigial organ in python: legs

A

reduced to useless bones embedded in sides of adult

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56
Q

vestigial leg bones in python similar to that of

A

whale - hand-limb bones

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57
Q

species multiplication generally accompanied by

A

migration

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58
Q

species multiplication is generally accompanied by migration in order to lessen

A

intraspecific competition

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59
Q

separation of a widely distributed population by emerging geographic barriers increases the likelihood of

A

genetic adaptations on either side of the barrier

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60
Q

each population may evolve specific adaptations to the

A

environment which it occupies

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61
Q

in addition to adaptive changes, populations may accumulate _____ changes

A

neutral - random, non-adaptive

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62
Q

adaptations of populations separated by geographic barrier will remain _____ to the population in which they evolve, as long as

A

unique;

interbreeding is prevented by the barrier

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63
Q

in time, genetic differences of a once unified population separated by a barrier will reach the point where successful interbreeding

A

is impossible

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64
Q

if successful interbreeding becomes impossible within a population, _____ would be maintained if the geographic barrier were removed

A

reproductive isolation

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65
Q

example of geographic barriers and evolution: marsupials

A

line of pouched mammals paralleling development of placental mammals developed on Australian side of large water barrier - geographic barrier protected more primitive pouched mammals from competition with modern placental mammals

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66
Q

water barrier of australia resulted in uniquely

A

Australian plants and animals

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67
Q

examples of uniquely australian plants and animals

A

kangaroo
duckbill platypus
pouched wolves
eucalyptus tree

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68
Q

systematics

A

study of evolutionary relationships

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69
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary history of a group of organisms

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70
Q

phylogenetic relationships - species should be _____ to their ancestors

A

somewhat similar

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71
Q

because of divergence, similarities between species and ancestors will

A

fade with time since separation increases

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72
Q

cladistics

A

used to classify organisms based on phylogenetic relationships

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73
Q

cladograms constructed to predict

A

how an ancestor has evolved into its proposed descendants

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74
Q

cladogram is composed of

A

subtrees

75
Q

subtrees of cladogram called

A

clade

76
Q

members of a clade possess some kind of

A

derived characteristic that distinguishes from other clade

77
Q

in constructing clades, scientists utilize the principal of

A

parsimony

78
Q

parsimony

A

least complex explanation

79
Q

ex of parsimony: if one cladogram assumes 5 evo events and the other assumes 2 then:

A

the latter will be more accepted

80
Q

“use and disuse” and “inheritance of acquired characteristics” are

A

Lamarck buzz phrases

81
Q

Lamarckian Evolution was

A

WRONG

82
Q

principle of lamarckian evolution

A

new organs or changes in existing ones arose because of the needs of the organism

83
Q

amount of change of organs depends on

lamarck

A

use or disuse of organ

84
Q

theory of use and disuse based on

A

fallacious understanding of genetics

85
Q

any useful characteristic acquired in one generation was thought to be
(lamarck)

A

passed on to the next

86
Q

example of lamarck theory: giraffes

A

early giraffes stretched their necks to reach for leaves on higher branches of trees
offspring believed to inherit long necks as a result of excessive use

87
Q

the theories of acquiring characteristics has been disproved by

A

modern genetics

88
Q

only these can be inherited

A

changes in the DNA of the sex cells

89
Q

only changes in the DNA of the ____ cells can be inherited

A

sex

90
Q

changes acquired during an individuals life are changes in characteristics and organization of

A

somatic cells

91
Q

_____ disproved lamarck use and disuse with mice

A

weissman

92
Q

to disprove lamarck, weissman (using mice)

A

cute off tails of mice for 20 generations

the 21st was born with tails

93
Q

in drawin’s theory of evolution, pressures in the environment select for

A

organism most fit to survive and reproduce

94
Q

Darwin’s basic agents leading to evolutionary change (6)

A 
overpopulation
variations
competition (struggle for survival)
natural selection
inheritance of the variations
evolution of new species
95
Q

overpopulation (darwin 1)

A

more offspring are produced than can survive - insufficient food, air, light, space to support entire population

96
Q

variations (darwin 2)

A

darwin observed differences (variation) between offspring and parents

97
Q

darwin did not know source of variation between offspring and parents - explained by

A

de vries

98
Q

de vries and variation

A

mutations cause variations

99
Q

mutations - can be ____ or ____; most are ____

A

beneficial; harmful; harmful

100
Q

competition - struggle for survival (darwin 3)

A

developing pop must compete

101
Q

due to competition, many young ____ and adults ____

A

must die;

remain constant from gen to gen

102
Q

natural selection (darwin 4)

A

some organisms may have variable adaptations that are advantageous for survival

103
Q

natural selection encapsulated in phrase

A

survival of the fittest

104
Q

inheritance of variation (darwin 5)

A

individuals that survive (favorable variations) live to adulthood, reproduce, transmit favorable genes

105
Q

favored genes eventually

A

dominate gene pool

106
Q

evolution of new species (darwin 6)

A

over many generations of natural selection, favorable changes are perpetuated in species

107
Q

accumulations of favorable changes eventually result in (darwin 6 cont’d)

A

significant changes to gene pool - new species evolves

108
Q

physical changes in gene pool perpetuated or selected for by

A

environment

109
Q

example of evolution of new species - DDT-resistant insects - illustrates natural selection

A

rapid evolution of DDT-resistant insects - change in env: intro of DDT –> favorable change for DDT-resistant flies
mutants existed before environmental change –> conditions select for survival of these DDT-resistant flies

110
Q

chance variations occur due to ___ and ____

A

mutations; recombination

111
Q

individual is more “fit” and likely to survive if

A

variation is “selected for” by environment

112
Q

survival of the fittest leads to an increase of

A

favorable genes in gene pool

113
Q

population includes

A

all members of particular species inhabiting given location

114
Q

gene pool

A

sum total of all alleles for any given trait in population

115
Q

gene frequency

A

decimal fraction representing presence of allele for all members of population that have particular gene locus

116
Q

p (gene frequency)

A

frequency of dominant allele

of particular gene locus

117
Q

q (gene frequency)

A

frequency of recessive allele

of particular gene locus

118
Q

for a given gene locus (equation)

A

p + q = 1

119
Q

evolution can be viewed as

hardy-weinberg principle

A

result of changing gene frequencies within a population

120
Q

gene frequency is the relative frequency of

hardy-weinberg principle

A

particular allele

121
Q

the gene pool is stable when

hardy-weinberg principle

A

gene frequencies of a population are not changing

122
Q

when the gene pool is stable, the population is

hardy-weinberg principle

A

not evolving

123
Q

5 idealized conditions of hardy weinberg

A
  1. population very large
  2. no mutations
  3. mating is random
  4. no net migrations into or out of population
  5. genes in pop are equally successful at reproducing
124
Q

hardy weinberg principle

A

under 5 idealized conditions, a certain equilibrium will exist between all genes in gene pool

125
Q

hardy weinberg principle is explained by

A

hardy weinberg equation

126
Q

hardy weinberg equation

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

127
Q

for a gene and locus with only two alleles, T and t, p =

A

frequency of allele T

128
Q

for a gene and locus with only two alleles, T and t, q =

A

frequency of allele t

129
Q

for a given gene locus, p + q = 1, because combined frequencies of all alleles must

A

total 100%

130
Q

(p + q)^2 = 1^2 —->

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

131
Q

in the hardy weinberg equation, p^2 =

A

frequency of TT (homo dom)

132
Q

in the hardy weinberg equation, 2pq =

A

frequency of Tt (het)

133
Q

in the hardy weinberg equation, q^2 =

A

frequency of tt (homo rec)

134
Q

the hardy weinberg equation may be used to determine ______ in the absence of microevoluationary change

A

gene frequencies of a large pop

135
Q

individuals from a nonevolving pop can be randomly crossed to determine that
(hardy weinberg equation)

A

gene frequencies remain constant from gen to gen

136
Q

no population can be represented indefinitely by the hardy-weinberg eq. because

A

such idealized conditions do not exist in nature

137
Q

real populations have _____ gene pool and ____ population

A

unstable;

migrating

138
Q

agents of microevolutionary change

A 
natural selection
mutation
assortive mating
genetic drift
gene flow
139
Q

agents of microevolutionary change are all deviations from the

A

5 conditions of hardy-weinberg

140
Q

natural selection

A

genotypes with fav. variations are selected through natural selection and frequency increases in gene pool

141
Q

mutations

A

mutations change allele frequencies in a population - shifting gene equilibria

142
Q

assortive mating

A

if mates not chosen randomly, relative genotype ratios will be affected and will depart from h-w equil

143
Q

on average, allele frequencies in a gene pool

A

remain unchanged

144
Q

example of non random mating

A

mate selected for phenotype

mate selected for proximity

145
Q

genetic drift

A

changes in comp of gene pool due to chance

146
Q

examples of genetic drift

A

bottleneck

founder

147
Q

genetic drift is most pronounced in ____ populations

A

small

148
Q

deme

A

small local population

149
Q

maybe many demes belonging to a specific

A

species

150
Q

example of a deme: beavers

A

along a specific portion of a river

151
Q

members of a deme resemble one another more closely than they resemble

A

members of other demes

152
Q

members of a deme are closely related genetically because

A

mating between members of same deme occurs more frequently

153
Q

members of same deme are influenced by similar ______ factors and are thus subject to _____

A

environment;

same selection process

154
Q

development of new species occurs when

A

gene pools within a species become sufficiently different so that two individuals cannot mate and produce fertile offspring

155
Q

gene flow is impossible between two

A

different species

156
Q

factors leading to speciation

A 
genetic variation
changes in environment
migration to new environments
adaptation to new environments
natural selection
isolation
157
Q

adaptive radiation

A

emergence of a number of lineages from a single ancestral species

158
Q

single species may diverge into

adaptive radiation

A

number of distinct species

159
Q

differences between species which have diverged are those

A

adaptive to distinct lifestyle - niche

160
Q

darwin’s galapagos finches are classic example of adaptive radiation

A

single species of finch underwent adaptive radiation resulting in 13 separate species, some on the same island (short period of time)

161
Q

adaptive radiation minimizes

A

competition

162
Q

speciation to minimize competition enables each emerging species to become

A

firmly established in its own niche

163
Q

types of speciation

A 
demes
development of new species
adaptive radiation
evolutionary history
isolation
164
Q

dissimilar species evolved from

evolutionary history

A

a common ancestor

165
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary history

166
Q

evolutionary history visualized as

A

branching tree

167
Q

in a branching tree (evo. history), common ancestor is found at ____ and modern species found at _____

A

trunk;

tips of branches

168
Q

groups within branches on evolutionary tree develop in similar ways when

A

exposed to similar environments

169
Q

convergent evolution

A

groups within branches develop in similar ways when exposed to similar environments

170
Q

example of convergent evolution

A

fish and dolphins - belong to different classes of chordates

171
Q

dolphins and fish evolved similarly because they

convergent evo

A

adapted to aquatic life

172
Q

descendants of ancestral pouched mammal

A

pouched wolf
anteater
mouse
mole

173
Q

pouched mammals have developed ____ to placental mammals

A

parallel

174
Q

counterparts to descendants of ancestral pouched mammale

A

placental wolf
anteater
mouse
mole

175
Q

pouched mammals and placental mammals faced similar, though ______ separate environments

A

geographically

176
Q

because placental and pouched mammals faced geographically separate environments, they

A

developed similar adaptations

177
Q

these concepts form the basis of the methods employed in developing system for classification of living things

A

adaptive radiation

phylogeny

178
Q

convergent evolution symbol

A

A

179
Q

divergent evolution symbol

A

V

180
Q

parallel evolution symbol

A

U

181
Q

genetic isolation results from

A

geographic isolation of a population in two groups

182
Q

when groups are isolated from one another, there is no ___ between them

A

gene flow

183
Q

any differences arising from mutations or new combinations of genes will be _____ in the isolated population

A

maintained

184
Q

over time, changes from isolation may become significant enough to make

A

mating impossible —> species formed

Biology (19 decks)

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