Class 5 Flashcards
The space inside blood vessels and capillaries
Intravascular space
the fluid space between cells
interstitial space
Edema
excess fluid in the interstitial space. A result of increased net filtration
Filtration
Movement out of the intravascular space and into interstitial space
Reabsorption
The opposite of filtration. Movement out of interstitial space and into intravascular space
edema increases with?
filtration
edema decreases with?
Reabsorption
Hydrostatic pressure
the PUSHING force of a fluid
Oncotic pressure
The PULLING force of large particles such as albumin dissolved in plasma
If there is greater hydrostatic pressure in the intravascular space space than in the interstitial space…?
Fluid will be pushed out of the intravascular space and into the interstitial space (filtration)
If interstitial hydrostatic pressure is greater in the interstitial space than in the intravascular space…?
Fluid will be pushed back into the intravascular space (reabsorption)
if the intravascular (capillary) oncotic pressure is greater than the interstitial oncotic pressure….?
Fluid will be pulled back into the intravascular space from the interstitial space (reabsorption)
If interstitial oncotic pressure is greater than the intravascular (capillary) oncotic pressure…?
fluid will be pulled out of the intravascular space and into the interstitial space (filtration)
forces that favour filtration
Intravascular (capillary) hydrostatic pressure and Interstitial oncotic pressure
Forces that favour reabsorption
Intravascular (capillary) oncotic pressure and interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Example of an intravascular fluid volume deficit
dehydration
Dehydration is a?
isotonic loss
What age group has the highest amount of body water?
babies
The majority of the bodies fluid is in the?
intracellular space
Example of a intravascular fluid excess?
fluid overload
intravascular fluid overload is a?
isotonic gain
Fluid over load caused BP to?
increase
Why does fluid overload cause edema?
because excess volume in the intravascular space causes increased capillary hydrostatic pressure and therefore pushes water out of intravascular space and into interstitial space (filtration)
Edema can be caused by? (4 things)
- increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
- decreased capillary (colloid) oncotic pressure
- Lymphatic obstruction
- Increased capillary permeability
congestive heart failure, renal failure and cirhosis of the liver cause?
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
liver disease or protein malnutrition causes?
decreased plasma oncotic pressure because less plasma proteins are being made
Sodium is a major regulator of
osmotic forces
In hypertonic solutions, water will?
shift out of cells
Hypertonic solution
More sodium in the solution, so water will shift out of the cell
Fluid overload is a?
isotonic excess, meaning sodium and water are lost in proportion to each other.
Hypotonic imbalances mean water will shift?
into cells because now there is more water in the cells environment and less in the cell, therefore water moves in
concentration of extracellular fluid is decreased in?
hypotonic imbalances
what is the primary intracellular cation
potassium (K+)
Sodium (Na) is mostly..?
extracellular
volatile acids
can be eliminated through the lungs as CO2 gas
Nonvolatile acids
can be eliminated by the kidneys
Carbonic acid is a?
volatile acid
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) is a?
base that is conserved or excreted by the renal tubules
Respiratory acidosis
too much PCO2
Respiratory acidosis is caused by
Slow shallow breathing or poor gas exchange
respiratory alkalosis
too little PCO2
Respiratory alkalosis is caused by
rapid, deep breathing
Metabolic acidosis
too little bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Metabolic alkalosis
too much bicarbonate ion or not enough acid
potassium imbalances mostly affect the
heart
sodium imbalances mostly affect the
brain
normal value of pH?
7.35-7.45
Normal value of PCO2?
35 - 45
Normal value of HCO3-?
22-26
Renal failure will cause
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Heart failure will cause
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Venous thrombosis (thrombophlebitis) will cause
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Protein losing kidney disease will cause
decreased capillary oncotic pressure
allergic reaction will cause
increased capillary permeability
Radial masectomy will cause
lymph obstruction
Giving a diuretic drug will relieve edema by?
decreasing capillary hydrostatic pressure (fluid stays in the capillary to be excreted)
elevating edematous feet will relieve edema by?
improving venous return
putting on elastic support stockings will decrease edema by?
increase interstitial hydrostatic pressure
administering IV albumin will decrease edema by?
Increasing plasma oncotic pressure
Increased ADH will lead to?
a hypotonic fluid imbalance
insufficient ADH could cause?
Hypernatremia
Acute acidosis could cause?
hyperkalemia
Hyperaldosteronism could lead to?
hypokalemia
Insufficient ADH will cause
a hypertonic imbalance (Pee out water and keep sodium)
Hypertonic fluid imbalances are primarily related to?
cell dehydration
Increased ADH will cause?
a hypotonic imbalance (too much water reabsorbed)
Decreased reflexes occur with?
hypotonic imbalances
Increased reflexes occur with?
hypertonic imbalances
Hypoaldosteronism can cause?
Hyperkalemia
Hyperaldosteronism can cause?
hypokalemia
Which acid is excreted through the the lungs?
carbonic acid
