Class 22

Question 1

What are the consequences of urinary tract obstruction ?

Answer 1

Obstructive uropathy and urinary stasis

Question 2

Urinary stasis can cause?

Answer 2

Infection and calculi formation

Question 3

Obstructive uropathy can cause?

Answer 3

hydroureter (accumulation of urine in the ureter) and hydronephrosis (accumulation of urine in the kidney) or a combination of both

Question 4

What is the ultimate result of urinary tract obstruction?

Answer 4

renal destruction

Question 5

What is an example of a mechanical obstruction

Answer 5

renal calculi (kidney stones)

Question 6

what is an example of a functional obstruction

Answer 6

neurogenic bladder

Question 7

what is the most common type of kidney stone

Answer 7

calcium- oxalate or calcium-phosphate

Question 8

What can cause kidney stones?

Answer 8

dehydration and excess calcium intake

Question 9

Neurogenic bladder

Answer 9

improper emptying

Question 10

Disorders ABOVE the micturition centre in the pons causes?

Answer 10

Spastic blader (incontinence/automatic emptying)

Question 11

Stroke, TBI, dementia and brain tumours could all lead to

Answer 11

spastic bladder

Question 12

Lesions below the micturition centre in the pons but above the sacral micturition centre result in?

Answer 12

Dyssynergia (loss of coordination)

Question 13

Spinal cord injury (at T6), MS and vertebral disk problems can cause?

Answer 13

dyssynergia

Question 14

Lesions at or below the micturition centre in the sacral area can result in?

Answer 14

Atonic bladder (areflexia, urinary retention). Bladder that continues to fill

Question 15

Very low spinal cord injuries and MS can cause?

Answer 15

Atonic bladder

Question 16

what are the 2 ways of getting acute pyelonephritis

Answer 16

1. Ascending pathogens from the bladder

2. Pathogens from the bloodstream

Question 17

what is present in pyelonephritis that is not present in bladder infections?

Answer 17

WBC casts

Question 18

Acute glomerulonephritis is caused by?

Answer 18

streptococcus infection

Question 19

Acute kidney injury

Answer 19

rapid reduction in renal function; reversible if treated early

Question 20

Chronic kidney injury

Answer 20

progressive decrease in function over months or years until end stage failure is reached; refers to decreased GFR

Question 21

Prerenal

Answer 21

anything that affects the flow of blood to the kidney

Question 22

Intrarenal

Answer 22

also known as acute tubular necrosis. Factors that affect the kidney itself

Question 23

Postrenal

Answer 23

anything that affects the flow of urine out

Question 24

What is one of the main symptoms of all categories of AKI

Answer 24

Oliguria - decreased urine output