Class 22 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the consequences of urinary tract obstruction ?

A

Obstructive uropathy and urinary stasis

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2
Q

Urinary stasis can cause?

A

Infection and calculi formation

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3
Q

Obstructive uropathy can cause?

A

hydroureter (accumulation of urine in the ureter) and hydronephrosis (accumulation of urine in the kidney) or a combination of both

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4
Q

What is the ultimate result of urinary tract obstruction?

A

renal destruction

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5
Q

What is an example of a mechanical obstruction

A

renal calculi (kidney stones)

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6
Q

what is an example of a functional obstruction

A

neurogenic bladder

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7
Q

what is the most common type of kidney stone

A

calcium- oxalate or calcium-phosphate

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8
Q

What can cause kidney stones?

A

dehydration and excess calcium intake

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9
Q

Neurogenic bladder

A

improper emptying

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10
Q

Disorders ABOVE the micturition centre in the pons causes?

A

Spastic blader (incontinence/automatic emptying)

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11
Q

Stroke, TBI, dementia and brain tumours could all lead to

A

spastic bladder

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12
Q

Lesions below the micturition centre in the pons but above the sacral micturition centre result in?

A

Dyssynergia (loss of coordination)

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13
Q

Spinal cord injury (at T6), MS and vertebral disk problems can cause?

A

dyssynergia

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14
Q

Lesions at or below the micturition centre in the sacral area can result in?

A

Atonic bladder (areflexia, urinary retention). Bladder that continues to fill

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15
Q

Very low spinal cord injuries and MS can cause?

A

Atonic bladder

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16
Q

what are the 2 ways of getting acute pyelonephritis

A
  1. Ascending pathogens from the bladder

2. Pathogens from the bloodstream

17
Q

what is present in pyelonephritis that is not present in bladder infections?

A

WBC casts

18
Q

Acute glomerulonephritis is caused by?

A

streptococcus infection

19
Q

Acute kidney injury

A

rapid reduction in renal function; reversible if treated early

20
Q

Chronic kidney injury

A

progressive decrease in function over months or years until end stage failure is reached; refers to decreased GFR

21
Q

Prerenal

A

anything that affects the flow of blood to the kidney

22
Q

Intrarenal

A

also known as acute tubular necrosis. Factors that affect the kidney itself

23
Q

Postrenal

A

anything that affects the flow of urine out

24
Q

What is one of the main symptoms of all categories of AKI

A

Oliguria - decreased urine output