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Pathophysiology > Class 18 & 19 > Flashcards

Class 18 & 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Esophageal atresia

A

condition in which the esophagus ends in a pouch (dead end) and does not connect to the stomach

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2
Q

tracheoesophageal fistula

A

abnormal connection between the trachea and the esophagus

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3
Q

in which congenital anomaly is vomiting and drooling common

A

Esophageal atresia

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4
Q

In which congenital anomaly is choking and coughing (due to milk in lungs) and abdominal distension (due to air getting into stomach) common in?

A

tracheoesophageal fistula

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5
Q

what are complications of tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia

A

repeated pneumonia and failure to gain weight

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6
Q

Paralysis of a tube is also called?

A

a functional obstruction

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7
Q

A physical thing that blocks a tube is an example of?

A

a mechanical obstruction

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8
Q

Why will ischemia and necrosis occur with obstructions

A

due to accumulation of gas and fluid which causes bloating. This puts pressure on blood vessels and results in less blood flow.

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9
Q

Hirschsprung Disease

A

also called congenital aganglionic megacolon. There is reduced PNS innervation to the colon. The result is a hugely distended colon.

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10
Q

Manifestations of colon cancer

A
  1. pain
  2. change in bowel habits
  3. bleeding or anemia
  4. fatigue
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11
Q

mortality rate of pancreatic cancer

A

almost 100% due to late diagnosis

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12
Q

Why is pernicious anemia a complication of gastritis?

A

cannot absorb vitamin B12 because there is no intrinsic factor which is usually produced in the stomach

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13
Q

Why is gastric carcinoma a complication of gastritis?

A

due to chronic inflammation

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14
Q

Peptic ulcer disease can be a complication of?

A

gastritis

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15
Q

PUD

A

a break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of the stomach or duodenum

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16
Q

Ischemic ulcers

A

caused by decreased blood flow

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17
Q

cushing ulcers

A

associated with severe head injury or brain surgery

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18
Q

curling ulcers

A

associated with burn injuries

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19
Q

stress ulcer

A

a type of peptic ulcer that is related to severe illness, neural injury or systemic trauma

20
Q

Skip lesions are a characteristic of?

A

crohns disease

21
Q

Layers of the bowel involved in crohns disease?

A

entire intestinal wall

22
Q

Layers of the bowel involved in ulcerative colitis?

A

the mucosa (inner lining of the colon)

23
Q

what involves profound diarrhea

A

ulcerative colitis

24
Q

dehydration is a complication of?

A

ulcerative colitis

25
Q

Pain is worse in?

A

crohns disease

26
Q

Cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gallbladder

27
Q

What are two main manifestations of cholecystitis?

A

biliary colic and intolerance to fatty foods

28
Q

Acute pancreatitis is associated with?

A

gallstones and heavy intake of alcohol

29
Q

Hepatitis

A

inflammation caused by exposure to drugs or other chemicals or by viral infections

30
Q

What happens in the prodromal phase of viral hepatitis?

A

fatigue, anorexia and nausea

31
Q

What happens in the icteric phase of viral hepatitis?

A

jaundice, dark urine and bile salts on skin makes skin itchy

32
Q

2 main consequences of cirrhosis

A

portal hypertension and acites

33
Q

Portal hypertension can cause?

A

esophageal varices and acites

34
Q

esophageal varices

A

varicose veins in the esophagus that are prone to rupturing. Potentially life threatening complication of liver failure

35
Q

What 3 leading causes of death are associated with obesity?

A
  1. Coronary artery disease
  2. Type 2 diabetes
  3. Cancer
36
Q

Narrowing in the distal end of the stomach

A

pyloric stenosis

37
Q

Twisting of the bowel

A

volvulus

38
Q

Telescoping of one part of the intestine into the other

A

intussusception

39
Q

Protrusion of intestines through weakness in abdominal wall

A

hernia

40
Q

What are two risk factors for GERD?

A
  1. relaxed lower esophageal sphincter

2. Increased abdominal pressure (pushes acid up)

41
Q

What can cause a relaxed lower esophageal sphincter

A

age, drugs, alcohol, nicotine, hiatial hernia

42
Q

What can cause an increased abdominal pressure?

A

obesity and pregnancy

43
Q

Acute gastritis takes place in the?

A

antrum

44
Q

Chronic gastritis takes place in the?

A

fundus

45
Q

Chronic gastritis is usually?

A

autoimmune

46
Q

which disease has continuous inflammation with pinpoint hemorrhages?

A

UC

47
Q

Where is binary colic felt?

A

in the upper right quadrant

Pathophysiology (21 decks)

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