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Pathophysiology > Class 12 and 13 > Flashcards

Class 12 and 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Glucagon

A

increases blood glucose vis glycogenolysis

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2
Q

amylin

A

inhibits glucagon secretion after meals

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3
Q

Insulin

A

promotes glucose uptake by cells

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4
Q

Type 1 DM involves the destruction of?

A

Beta cells

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5
Q

Type 1 DM has?

A

little to no insulin being produced

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6
Q

Which type of diabetes is an autoimmune response?

A

Type 1

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7
Q

when are ketones produced?

A

when the cells breakdown fats for fuel instead of glucose

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8
Q

what are the 3 classic manifestations of type 1 DM?

A

polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia

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9
Q

What is HbA1C used for?

A

to test how high blood sugars have been over the past 3 months

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10
Q

Type 1 diabetics always need?

A

insulin

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11
Q

What is the pathophysiology of type 2 DM?

A

progressive impairment of beta cell function and progressive insulin resistance

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12
Q

the beta cells in type 2 diabetes are?

A

exhausted

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13
Q

the manifestations of type 2 diabetes are often?

A

non-specific

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14
Q

what is the blood sugar level in hypoglycemia?

A

less than 4

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15
Q

what are the causes of hypoglycemia?

A

too much medication, not enough food or both

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16
Q

speed of onset of hypoglycemia?

A

rapid, within a few hours

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17
Q

Which acute complication of DM has these symptoms:confusion, disorientation, restlessness, agitation, coma, tremors, sweaty skin, increased HR?

A

hypoglycaemia

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18
Q

Blood glucose level of DKA?

A

more than 14

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19
Q

what is the cause of DKA?

A

no enough insulin to meet needs

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20
Q

which type of diabetes does DKA most commonly occur in?

A

type 1

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21
Q

speed of onset of DKA?

A

typically a few days but could also occur in hours

22
Q

which acute complication of DM has these manifestations: polyuria, polydipsia, hypotension, tachycardia, rapid weight loss, marked fatigue, seizures, coma, kussmauls respirations and fruity or acetone breath

A

DKA

23
Q

Blood glucose level in HHNK?

A

more than 33

24
Q

HHNK commonly affects?

A

type 2 diabetics

25
Q

what are the causes of HHNK?

A

insufficient insulin. stress illness and infection

26
Q

speed of onset of HHNK?

A

slow process over many days to weeks

27
Q

what is important to note about HHNK?

A

there is profound fluid loss, no ketosis and no acidosis

28
Q

HHNK can cause?

A

profound hypovolemia

29
Q

Macrovascular disease is due to?

A

atherosclerosis

30
Q

what happens when glucose binds with proteins in blood vessel walls?

A

traps LDL and triggers inflammation

31
Q

what can help reduce chronic complications in diabetes?

A

strict blood sugar control and HbA1C every 3 months

32
Q

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH would lead to ______ urine output?

A

decreased

33
Q

what would happen to serum sodium in SIADH?

A

it would decrease

34
Q

would someone with SIADH be hypotonic or hypertonic?

A

hypotonic

35
Q

would someone with SIADH be hyponatremic or hypernatremic?

A

hyponatremic

36
Q

what is a disease of pituitary hypo function?

A

diabetes insipidus

37
Q

in someone with diabetes insipidus, urine output would?

A

increase

38
Q

would serum sodium increase or decrease in someone with diabetes insipidus?

A

increase

39
Q

T4 and T3 both?

A

increase metabolism

40
Q

what is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?

A

hashimotos thyroiditis

41
Q

slow HR, fatigue/weakness, weight gain and cold intolerance are all signs of?

A

hashimotos thyroiditis (hypothyroidism)

42
Q

in hypothyroidism, TSH will be _____ and T3 and T4 will be______?

A

TSH will be high and T3 and T4 will be low

43
Q

what is hypothyroidism in children called?

A

cretinism

44
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

graves disease

45
Q

graves disease is a?

A

type II autoimmune disease

46
Q

Increased HR, increased BP, irritability and anxiety, weight loss, diarrhea and enlarged thyroid gland are symptoms of?

A

hyperthyroidism

47
Q

In hyperthyroidism, TSH will be _____ and T3 and T4 will be?

A

TSH will be decreased and T3 and T4 will be increased

48
Q

exophthalmos is a sign of?

A

graves disease

49
Q

periorbital edema is a sign of?

A

hypothyroidism

50
Q

What is a disease of hypercortisolism?

A

cushings syndrome

51
Q

what is a disease of hypocortisolism?

A

Addison’s disease

52
Q

secondary adrenal insufficiency can result from?

A

sudden withdrawal of glucocorticoid therapy

Pathophysiology (21 decks)

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