Class 12 and 13 Flashcards
Glucagon
increases blood glucose vis glycogenolysis
amylin
inhibits glucagon secretion after meals
Insulin
promotes glucose uptake by cells
Type 1 DM involves the destruction of?
Beta cells
Type 1 DM has?
little to no insulin being produced
Which type of diabetes is an autoimmune response?
Type 1
when are ketones produced?
when the cells breakdown fats for fuel instead of glucose
what are the 3 classic manifestations of type 1 DM?
polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia
What is HbA1C used for?
to test how high blood sugars have been over the past 3 months
Type 1 diabetics always need?
insulin
What is the pathophysiology of type 2 DM?
progressive impairment of beta cell function and progressive insulin resistance
the beta cells in type 2 diabetes are?
exhausted
the manifestations of type 2 diabetes are often?
non-specific
what is the blood sugar level in hypoglycemia?
less than 4
what are the causes of hypoglycemia?
too much medication, not enough food or both
speed of onset of hypoglycemia?
rapid, within a few hours
Which acute complication of DM has these symptoms:confusion, disorientation, restlessness, agitation, coma, tremors, sweaty skin, increased HR?
hypoglycaemia
Blood glucose level of DKA?
more than 14
what is the cause of DKA?
no enough insulin to meet needs
which type of diabetes does DKA most commonly occur in?
type 1
speed of onset of DKA?
typically a few days but could also occur in hours
which acute complication of DM has these manifestations: polyuria, polydipsia, hypotension, tachycardia, rapid weight loss, marked fatigue, seizures, coma, kussmauls respirations and fruity or acetone breath
DKA
Blood glucose level in HHNK?
more than 33
HHNK commonly affects?
type 2 diabetics
what are the causes of HHNK?
insufficient insulin. stress illness and infection
speed of onset of HHNK?
slow process over many days to weeks
what is important to note about HHNK?
there is profound fluid loss, no ketosis and no acidosis
HHNK can cause?
profound hypovolemia
Macrovascular disease is due to?
atherosclerosis
what happens when glucose binds with proteins in blood vessel walls?
traps LDL and triggers inflammation
what can help reduce chronic complications in diabetes?
strict blood sugar control and HbA1C every 3 months
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH would lead to ______ urine output?
decreased
what would happen to serum sodium in SIADH?
it would decrease
would someone with SIADH be hypotonic or hypertonic?
hypotonic
would someone with SIADH be hyponatremic or hypernatremic?
hyponatremic
what is a disease of pituitary hypo function?
diabetes insipidus
in someone with diabetes insipidus, urine output would?
increase
would serum sodium increase or decrease in someone with diabetes insipidus?
increase
T4 and T3 both?
increase metabolism
what is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?
hashimotos thyroiditis
slow HR, fatigue/weakness, weight gain and cold intolerance are all signs of?
hashimotos thyroiditis (hypothyroidism)
in hypothyroidism, TSH will be _____ and T3 and T4 will be______?
TSH will be high and T3 and T4 will be low
what is hypothyroidism in children called?
cretinism
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
graves disease
graves disease is a?
type II autoimmune disease
Increased HR, increased BP, irritability and anxiety, weight loss, diarrhea and enlarged thyroid gland are symptoms of?
hyperthyroidism
In hyperthyroidism, TSH will be _____ and T3 and T4 will be?
TSH will be decreased and T3 and T4 will be increased
exophthalmos is a sign of?
graves disease
periorbital edema is a sign of?
hypothyroidism
What is a disease of hypercortisolism?
cushings syndrome
what is a disease of hypocortisolism?
Addison’s disease
secondary adrenal insufficiency can result from?
sudden withdrawal of glucocorticoid therapy
