Class 15

Question 1

Traumatic brain injury

Answer 1

any injury that affects the skin, skull or the brain

Question 2

causes of traumatic brain injury

Answer 2

motor vehicle accidents, blunt trauma, falling, sports and violence

Question 3

groups at risk for traumatic brain injury

Answer 3

young adults (for MVAs), children and toddlers (for falls) and males of any age

Question 4

a penetrating injury is also called?

Answer 4

an open injury

Question 5

in a penetrating injury, the skull is _____ and the brain/meninges are _____?

Answer 5

the skull is not intact and the brain/meninges are exposed

Question 6

a blunt injury is also called a?

Answer 6

closed injury

Question 7

In a blunt injury, the skull is _____ and the brain/meninges are ______?

Answer 7

the skull is intact and the brain/meninges are not exposed

Question 8

what is the more common mechanism of traumatic brain injury?

Answer 8

blunt injury

Question 9

A focal brain injury is often associated with?

Answer 9

a direct impact to the head

Question 10

Focal injuries are?

Answer 10

localized

Question 11

Diffuse injuries are?

Answer 11

widespread and not limited to a localized area

Question 12

What is an example of a diffuse brain injury?

Answer 12

shaken baby syndrome

Question 13

What are the 3 types of focal brain injuries?

Answer 13

skull fractures, contusions and hematomas

Question 14

What are the 3 types of skull fractures?

Answer 14

1. linear
2. depressed
3. basilar

Question 15

In which type of skull fractures are racoon eyes and battle’s sign seen?

Answer 15

basilar

Question 16

contusion

Answer 16

bruising of brain tissue

Question 17

contusions are frequently located on the?

Answer 17

frontal and temporal lobes

Question 18

which type of injuries are often coup-countercoup injuries?

Answer 18

contusions

Question 19

coup-countercoup injuries

Answer 19

two contusions on opposite sides of the brain. May result in two focal injuries or a diffuse axonal injury throughout

Question 20

hematoma

Answer 20

accumulation of clotted blood within the tissues

Question 21

which are affected in epidural hematomas: arteries or veins?

Answer 21

mostly arteries

Question 22

which hematoma will accumulate faster?

Answer 22

epidural because arteries are affected

Question 23

which are affected in subdural hematomas: arteries or veins?

Answer 23

veins

Question 24

which type of hematoma involves a brief loss of consciousness?

Answer 24

epidural

Question 25

which hematoma has has a slower onset of symptoms?

Answer 25

subdural

Question 26

which type of hematoma is more common?

Answer 26

subdural

Question 27

Intracerebral hematoma

Answer 27

accumulation of blood in the parenchyma of brain tissue rather than the meninges

Question 28

what are they 2 types of diffuse brain injury?

Answer 28

concussion and diffuse axonal injury

Question 29

Concussion

Answer 29

transient neurological dysfunction do to a traumatic impact

Question 30

Classic cerebral concussion

Answer 30

may include a loss of consciousness up to 6 hours but no longer than that

Question 31

Mild concussion

Answer 31

has no loss of consciousness

Question 32

manifestations of concussion

Answer 32

headache, confusion, disorientation, dizziness, visual disturbances and memory deficits

Question 33

retrograde amnesia

Answer 33

lost memory of past events

Question 34

anterograde amnesia

Answer 34

difficulty forming new memories

Question 35

post concussive syndrome

Answer 35

persistent headache, anxiety, irritability, insomnia, difficulty concentrating, depression.

Question 36

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Answer 36

• occurs post concussion
• progressive degeneration of brain tissue
• accumulation of tau (abnormal protein)

Question 37

Where does a diffuse axonal injury occur

Answer 37

where grey matter meets white matter, this is where axons are the weakest

Question 38

Why are infants more at risk for a diffuse axonal brain injury?

Answer 38

they have proportionally large heads and weak neck muscles

Question 39

Aphasia

Answer 39

absense or inability to create speech

Question 40

dysphasia

Answer 40

abnormal speech

Question 41

agnosia

Answer 41

difficulty understanding speech or written words

Question 42

Flexion spinal cord injury

Answer 42

chin snaps down to chest. Occurs in blows to back of head and front impact collisions

Question 43

extension spinal cord injuries occur with?

Answer 43

falls and rear impact collisions

Question 44

where will edema be in a spinal cord injury?

Answer 44

at the level of injury and 2 cord segments above and below

Question 45

Spinal shock

Answer 45

flaccid paralysis and loss of reflexes below the injury. Lasts 7 days to 3 months

Question 46

where would a spinal cord injury have to be for respiratory failure to occur?

Answer 46

C4 and above

Question 47

What is an important complication of spinal cord injuries?

Answer 47

autonomic dysreflexia

Question 48

Where must a spinal cord injury be located for autonomic dysreflexia to occur?

Answer 48

T6 or above

Question 49

What is a complication of autonomic disreflexia?

Answer 49

stroke, due to extreme hypertension in upper extremities

Question 50

What would a person with autonomic dysreflexia look like?

Answer 50

Pale below the injury and red above it

Question 51

Would a person with autonomic dysreflexia have tachycardia or bradycardia?

Answer 51

they would have bradycardia